Jul. 15, 2024
Disclosed herein are lightweight clumpable animal litters. Specifically, disclosed herein are lightweight animal litters comprising composite particles of cellulosic materials and sodium bentonite that perform as well as traditional clay-based, clumping litters, yet weigh up to sixty percent less.
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RELATED ARTClay has long been used as a liquid absorbent and has found particular usefulness as an animal litter. Typically, the clay is mined, dried, and crushed to the desired particle size. Some clay litters have the ability to clump upon wetting. For example, sodium bentonite (aka Na-bentonite) is a water-swellable clay which, upon contact with moist animal waste, is able to agglomerate with other moistened sodium bentonite clay particles. The moist animal waste is contained by the agglomeration of the moist clay particles into an isolatable clump, which can be removed from the container (e.g., litter box) housing the litter. The clump strength of clay litters containing equal or greater than ninety percent sodium bentonite are strong enough to hold the clump shape upon contact with moisture and retain that shape upon scooping without pieces of the litter breaking off of the clump and remaining in the litter box, allowing waste therein to create malodors. However, sodium bentonite clay is very heavy and is mined. As such, it is a limited resource.
Another problem inherent in typical sodium bentonite clay litters is the inability to effectively control malodors. Clay has very poor odor-controlling qualities, and inevitably waste build-up leads to severe malodor production. What is needed is a lightweight animal litter with effective odor-controlling properties.
Accordingly, what is needed is an absorbent material suitable for use as an animal litter that uses less sodium bentonite, yet has clumping characteristics equivalent to clay-based litters that contain at least ninety percent sodium bentonite litters. What is further needed is a lightweight animal litter with odor-controlling properties that has clumping properties comparable to clay-based litters containing greater than ninety percent sodium bentonite, yet that requires much lower concentrations of sodium bentonite.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSFIG. 1 shows a composite particle comprising wood chip and sodium bentonite components.
FIG. 2 shows the particle to particle contact exhibited when round particles of the same size are used to form composite particles.
FIG. 3 shows the difference in volume between sixty percent by weight sodium bentonite and forty percent by weight wood chips.
FIG. 4 is a photograph of flat-shaped wood chips.
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effect of varying amounts of kaolinite on the brightness measured in % reflectance of a bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composite particle animal litter.
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effect of varying amounts of kaolinite on the static charge present on bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composite particle animal litter.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTIONAn aspect of the invention includes composite particles comprising a flat-shaped cellulosic material component having a mean particle size in the range of about 3 mm to about 0.2 mm and an aspect ratio of at least 2 and a powdered sodium bentonite component having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm. The composite particles may optionally contain a spacer material having a particle size less than about 0.25 mm, such as powder activated carbon (PAC), and may optionally contain a binder material having a particle size less than about 0.25 mm, such as guar gum. The composite particles can be used alone as an animal litter and exhibit a clump strength of at least 80 percent.
Another aspect of the invention includes composite particles comprising a flat-shaped cellulosic material component having a mean particle size in the range of about 3 mm to about 0.2 mm and an aspect ratio of at least 2, a powdered sodium bentonite component having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm, optionally a spacer material having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm, such as powder activated carbon (PAC), optionally a binder material having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm, such as guar gum, dry blended with granular sodium bentonite, calcium bentonite, kaolinite or mixtures thereof. Dry blending the composite particles with as little as 0.2% kaolinite significantly reduces the static charge build-up on the particles and significantly reduces the dark color attributable to the presence of PAC contained in the composite particles.
A third aspect of the invention includes a method of making the composite particles having a cellulosic material component and a sodium bentonite component, the method comprising: providing flat-shaped cellulosic particles having a mean particle size in the range of about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm; providing powdered sodium bentonite particles having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm, wherein the ratio of cellulosic material to sodium bentonite is in the range of about 1:4 to about 4:1; using a high shear agglomeration process to mix the cellulosic particles and the sodium bentonite particles to form composite particles having a mean particle size in the range of about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTSBefore describing embodiments of the present invention in detail, it is to be understood that all publications, patents and patent applications cited herein, whether supra or infra, are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.
It must be noted that, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms &#;a,&#; &#;an&#; and &#;the&#; include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to an &#;additive&#; includes two or more such additives.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. Unless otherwise stated, amounts listed in percentage (&#;%'s&#;) are in weight percent.
Disclosed herein are composite absorbent particles that comprise a sodium bentonite component and a cellulosic material component. The composite absorbent particles have improved physical and chemical properties such that a lightweight litter can be produced without compromising the performance of traditional clumping clay-based litters that contain equal or greater than ninety percent sodium bentonite. Although sodium bentonite-based litters clump well, they also have disadvantages. Sodium bentonite is very heavy, relatively expensive, and not a renewable resource.
Disclosed herein are lightweight composite absorbent particles comprising between about forty and about eighty percent by weight sodium bentonite that maintain the clumping benefit of &#;pure sodium bentonite&#; (as defined herein). In preferred embodiments, a lightweight composite particle animal litter is disclosed that comprises as little as sixty percent by weight sodium bentonite, yet retains the clump strength of pure sodium bentonite litter. A high shear agglomeration process may be used to make the composite particles disclosed herein.
As used herein the term &#;pure sodium bentonite litter&#; means a clumping clay-based litter that contains equal or greater than ninety percent by weight sodium bentonite. As used herein the term &#;composite particle&#; means a discrete particle that is formed by the combination of smaller component particles. As used herein the term &#;PAC&#; means powdered activated carbon that is a fine black powder made from wood or other carbon-containing materials (e.g., coconut, coal, etc.) that have been exposed to very high temperatures in an airless environment and treated, or activated, to increase its ability to absorb by reheating with oxidizing gas or other chemicals. The result is a highly porous fine powder with a particle size less than about 0.25 mm and typically ranging from about 50 to about 150 microns. As used herein the term &#;flat-shaped&#; means a particle having a length to height to depth relationship wherein the following equation is greater than or equal to 2: (length+width)/(2×depth). As used herein the term &#;cellulosic material&#; means materials made from cellulose. Cellulose is complex carbohydrate, (C6H10O5)n, that is composed of glucose units. It forms the main constituent of the cell wall in most plants. &#;Cellulosic particles&#; are particles of cellulosic materials. Examples of cellulosic materials are discussed below. As used herein the term &#;clump strength&#; means the percentage of particles retained in the clump after three hours using the clump strength test described herein. As used herein the term &#;high shear agglomeration process&#; means a high speed, conditioning and micro-pelletizing device that converts powder into small agglomerates through the action of a high speed and the addition of water. As used herein the term &#;component&#; when used in conjunction with a composite particle means a small particle that was combined with other small particles to form a composite particle. As used herein the term &#;spacer material&#; means an agent that helps spread sodium bentonite on the surface of a cellulosic component for better distribution of the sodium bentonite during the agglomeration process. As used herein the term &#;binder&#; means a substance that causes the composite particles to better adhere to each other upon contact with a liquid, such as water or urine, to form a strong clump. Examples of binders include guar gum, starch, modified starch, natural hydrocolloids, alginates, acrylates, and polyvinyl acetate. Particle size ranges are determined by screening methods known in the art.
Cellulosic Materials
As used herein the terms &#;sawdust&#; and &#;shaving(s)&#; mean byproducts made by fine wood particles as a result of cutting wood having a particle size ranging from about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm, and preferably ranging from about 0.7 mm to about 2 mm. Sawdust refers to particles toward the smaller end of the size range and shavings refer to particles toward the larger end of the size range. FIG. 4 is a photograph of flat-shaped sawdust and shaving particles having a mean particle size in the range of about 3 mm to about 0.2 mm and an aspect ratio of at least 2. Collectively, these are referred to as &#;wood chips&#;. &#;Wood powder&#; refers to a composition of wood particles where the particles are all less than about 0.4 mm.
The surfaces of cellulosic particles, such as sawdust and shavings, whether they be derived from (wood, bark, leaves etc.), tend to be hydrophobic due to the presence of hydrophobic substances such as resin, oil and wax, contained in plants and trees. These cellulosic particles when agglomerated without clay or other hydrophilic absorbent substances may have low absorbency and therefore not ideally suited for animal litter applications.
High shear agglomeration processes, such as pin mixing, can be used to form discrete composite particles. Pin mixing is a pin-type solids processor designed for applications requiring high energy input to materials for mixing or micro-pelletizing. It is a high speed, conditioning and micro-pelletizing device that converts small particles (&#;components&#;) into discrete agglomerates (&#;composite particles&#;) through the action of high speed and the addition of water.
Use of a spacer material, such as activated carbon, aids in the agglomeration process by acting as an in situ pre-treatment for the cellulosic particles. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the spacer material actually removes oil from the cellulosic particle surfaces, either by absorption or other means, thereby facilitating adequate wetting of the particle surfaces during agglomeration. Preferred spacer materials are inert, hydrophobic, and have a mean particle size no larger than (and preferably smaller than) that of the smallest component particle of the composite particle. Suitable spacer materials include, for example, powder activated carbon, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), silica gel, activated alumina, and boron compounds and may be effective at concentrations as low as about 0.3 percent by weight of the composite particle.
Another feature common to some cellulosic materials, such as, wood chips, is that their particle structure remains well preserved during high shear agglomeration processes due to its strength and elasticity. This property differs from mineral-based absorbent particles, such as, zeolites and clays; in that mineral-based particles tend to break and disintegrate into smaller particles during high shear agglomeration processes before later binding to form composite particles. Having a particle capable of maintaining its shape enables control of the resulting shape of the composite particles with less control of the agglomeration process parameters such as the speed or the moisture target. Flat-shaped cellulosic materials having a mean particle size ranging from about 0.7 mm to about 2 mm are particularly preferred. The preferred weight percentage of flat-shaped cellulosic materials in the composite particles is between about 30 percent and about 50 percent.
Sodium Bentonite
Sodium bentonite powder having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm is preferred. Sodium bentonite has an affinity to bind to itself, so, aside from the benefits already discussed, the use of a spacer material can act to reduce its stickiness thereby facilitating a more even distribution of the sodium bentonite particles during the high shear agglomeration process.
Sodium bentonite expands when wet, absorbing as much as several times its dry mass in water. The main mineral that forms bentonite is Montmorillonite ((Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2.nH2O). Na-montmorillonite, in particular, expands considerably more than other clays (e.g., Ca-Montmorillonite) due to water penetrating the interlayer molecular spaces and concomitant adsorption. The presence of sodium as the predominant exchangeable cation can result in the clay swelling to several times its original volume. Hence, its application in cat litters.
Adding a small amount of binder, such as guar gum, in an amount as little as 0.1 percent by weight can increase the clump strength of the resulting litter in some cases by up to ten percent. Preferred binders include guar gum, starch, polyacrylates, polysaccharides, and alginates. Guar gum (&#;guar&#;) is particularly preferred because it is a powdered solid that helps form strong and rigid clumps when wet and tends to be very evenly distributed throughout the resulting composite particles. Thus, a very small amount of guar can have a considerable impact. Binders, such as guar, are known for their binding properties. They have been used in several cat litters to facilitate the adhesion between particles thus, clumping. However, none of these composite particles (e.g., wood and guar, even in much higher concentrations) could achieve the high absorption and immediate clumping of Na-bentonite. On the other hand, when mixing sodium bentonite with wood, the resulting composite particles are lightweight and strong and may or may not clump as well as pure Na-bentonite. Therefore, in some cases a binding agent may aid with clumping.
In order to achieve maximum performance the binder needs to bind to an adequate surface (e.g., a rough and solid surface). Clay, such sodium bentonite is made from several micrometric crystals that tend to disintegrate under pressure or moisture. Therefore, intermediate filler helps achieve higher binding strength. Adding cellulosic materials (e.g., wood chips), provide structural integrity to the composite particles in a manner analogous to the way re-bar strengthen concrete. A binder, such as guar, can help bind wood particles to each other and to clay. This synergy between clay, wood and binder has resulted in high clumping composite particles similar to Na-bentonite bentonite. Other suitable binders may include starches, alginates, and polysaccharides. Minimizing the amount of binder necessary is desirable because of cost.
Composite Particles
The composite particles disclosed herein comprise a flat-shaped cellulosic component having a mean particle size ranging from about 0.2 to about 3 mm (preferably about 0.7 mm to about 2 mm) in an amount ranging from about 20 percent to about 80 percent (preferably from about 40 percent to about 60 percent) by weight and a sodium bentonite component having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm in an amount ranging from about 20 percent to about 80 percent (preferable from about 40 percent to about 60 percent) by weight. The resulting composite particles have an interlocking structure as shown in FIG. 1 which allow for more particle to particle surface contact 6 as compared to the particle to particle contact 6 exhibited in the round particles shown in FIG. 2. Referring to FIG. 1, the combination of a flat-shaped cellulosic component 4 having a mean particle size ranging from about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm (preferably about 0.7 mm to about 2 mm) in an amount ranging from about 20 percent to about 80 percent (preferably about 40 percent to about 60 percent) by weight and a sodium bentonite component 2 having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm in an amount ranging from about 20 percent to about 80 percent (preferably about 40 percent to about 60 percent) by weight allows for an efficient use of the sodium bentonite so that the amount of sodium bentonite can be significantly reduced without substantially sacrificing the clump strength of the litter (see Table 5) because the contact between component particles of the composite particle is maximized. The malodor path 8 is also more restricted as compared to the malodor path 8 shown in FIG. 2.
Additionally, an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 2 percent (preferably about 0.3 percent to about 1 percent) PAC can be included in the composite particles depicted in FIG. 1. As used herein the term &#;bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites&#; is defined as a composite particle comprising a flat-shaped cellulosic component having a mean particle size ranging from about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm (preferably 0.7 mm to about 2 mm) in an amount ranging from about 35 to about 45 percent by weight, a sodium bentonite component having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm in an amount ranging from about 55 to about 65 percent by weight, a PAC component in an amount ranging from about 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight, and a guar gum component in an amount ranging from 0 percent to about 1 percent by weight.
For example, referring to FIG. 2, if a high shear agglomeration process were used to agglomerate a mineral-based material such as a zeolite 10 having a mean particle size ranging from about 0.2 mm to about 3 mm in an amount ranging from about 20 percent to about 80 percent by weight and a sodium bentonite component 2 having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm in an amount ranging from about 50 to about 80 percent by weight, the resulting composite particle would likely look like the composite depicted in FIG. 2 and the clump strength of the resulting composite particle would be expected to be significantly reduced compared to the clump strength of pure sodium bentonite (see Table 3). This is because, as discussed, mineral-based absorbent materials such as zeolites and clays tend to disintegrate into smaller particles during high shear agglomeration processes before later binding to form composite particles.
Still referring to FIG. 2, the same would be true if a high shear agglomeration process were used to agglomerate a cellulosic material such as a wood powder 10 having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm in an amount ranging from about 20 percent to about 80 percent by weight and a sodium bentonite component 2 having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm in an amount ranging from about 50 percent to about 80 percent by weight. The resulting composite particle would likely look like the composite depicted in FIG. 2 and the clump strength of the resulting composite particle would be expected to be significantly reduced compared to the clump strength of pure sodium bentonite (see Table 3). This is because fine cellulosic materials even when keeping the structural integrity of their shape, are the same size as the bentonite particles and the contact between component particles 6 of the composite particle is minimized. Additionally the malodor path 8 is less restricted which is expected to result in less overall odor control.
The inventors have surprisingly found that particle size of cellulosic particle contributes to the clump strength of the resulting bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites to an even greater extent than anticipated. The inventors made two samples of bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites by pin mixing about 50% cellulosic particles, about 48.5% sodium bentonite powder, about 0.5% guar gum and about 1% PAC. The first sample was formed from powdered cellulosic particles having a mean particle size less than about 0.4 mm, powdered sodium bentonite particles having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm and powdered guar gum and PAC having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm. The second sample was formed from wood chips having a mean particle size ranging from about 0.7 mm and about 2 mm, powdered sodium bentonite particles having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm and powdered guar gum and PAC having a mean particle size less than about 0.25 mm. The first sample did not clump, whereas the second sample exhibited a clump strength of about 92. Thus, the inventors concluded that the particle size of the cellulosic particles contributes significantly to the resulting clump strength of the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites.
Having flat-shaped cellulosic particles that retain their shape during high shear agglomeration processes and are larger than the sodium bentonite particles allows the sodium bentonite to flow evenly among the cellulosic particles which creates a resulting composite particle that has a requisite amount of porosity to allow liquid to enter the particle and disperse throughout the composite particles enabling the sodium bentonite components to interact and bind together. As discussed, the addition of spacer materials no larger in size than the sodium bentonite particles to the agglomeration process is believed to minimize the sodium bentonite's affinity to bind to itself during the agglomeration process and therefore increase the porosity of the resulting composite particle.
Additionally, without being bound by theory, it is believed that the cellulosic components take a longer time to absorb liquids than clays. It is therefore believed that the sodium bentonite absorbs liquid and holds it in close proximity to the cellulosic component such that the liquid slowly transfers or wicks to the cellulosic component. Wood is a heterogeneous, hygroscopic, cellular and anisotropic material. It is composed of cells, and the cell walls are composed of micro-fibrils of cellulose (40%-50%) and hemicellulose (15%-25%) impregnated with lignin (15%-30%). The water diffusivity of wood (the rate at which water moves from the surface to the interior of wood particles) can be reduced significantly depending on the porous structure of wood and the reactivity of its chemical components. Adding clay, such as sodium bentonite, (high water diffusivity), in contact with the surface of wood particles, increases the overall diffusivity of the resulting composite particles (clay/wood). Therefore, it is believed that sodium bentonite absorbs liquid and holds it in close proximity to the cellulosic component such that the liquid slowly transfers or wicks to the cellulosic component. The result is highly absorbent composite particles that immediately clump upon hydration similar to pure sodium bentonite clay particles.
Bulk Density Reduction can be as high as about 60% as compared to pure sodium bentonite litter. Bulk density is a property of powders, granules and other &#;divided&#; solids, especially used in reference to mineral components. It is defined as the mass of the many particles of the material divided by the total volume they occupy. The total volume includes particle volume, inter-particle void volume and internal pore volume. Bulk density is not an intrinsic property of a material; it can change depending on how the material is handled. For example, a powder poured into a cylinder will have a particular bulk density; if the cylinder is disturbed, the powder particles will move and usually settle closer together, resulting in a higher bulk density. Bulk density is a measure of the weight of the litter per unit volume (g/cc). The test method used to measure bulk density comprises a hopper with a pint container underneath. The hopper is filled with approximately cc of the sample. The gate situated at the bottom of the hopper is opened to fill the pint container with material until it overflows. The container is then leveled out using a straight edge tool and the weight is recorded. The same process is repeated twice and an average of three reps is reported (g/cc or lb/cf).
Referring to FIG. 3, a composition comprising about sixty percent by weight sodium bentonite 2 and about forty percent by weight wood chips 4 is about equal to a composition comprising only about twenty percent by volume sodium bentonite 2 and about eighty percent by volume wood chips 4. The inventors have found that pin mixing such 20:80 by volume ratio of Na-bentonite and flat-shaped wood particles with about 1% guar gum, yields a litter with a clump strength equivalent to that of pure sodium bentonite (see Table 3).
Clump strength is measured by first generating a clump by pouring 10 ml of pooled cat urine (from several cats so it is not cat specific) onto a 2 inch thick layer of litter. The urine causes the litter to clump. The clump is then placed on a half inch screen after a predetermined amount of time 3 hours has passed since the particles were wetted. The screen is agitated for 5 seconds with the arm up using a Ro-Tap Mechanical Sieve Shaker made by W.S. Tyler, Inc or other similar device. The percentage of particles retained in the clump is calculated by dividing the weight of the clump after agitation by the weight of the clump before agitation. The clump strength indicates the percentage of particles retained in the clump after 3 hours. Ideally, greater than 90%, and more ideally, greater than 95% of the particles will be retained in a clump after 3 hours upon addition of an aqueous solution, such as deionized water or animal urine. Greater than 80% particle retention in the clump is preferred.
Attrition values measure the percentage of breakage, size reduction, or fragmentation of the composite particles. ASTM method E-728 Standard Test Method for Resistance to Attrition of Granular Carriers and Granular Pesticides was used to measure attrition.
Kaolinite
One disadvantage of the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein is that they tend to be somewhat dark in color due to the carbon that is contained in the particles. The inventors have found that the color of the animal litter can be made brighter by dry blending very small amounts of kalolinte (as low as about 0.2% by weight) with the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein.
Another disadvantage of the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein is that reducing the bulk density of the litter tends to increase the tracking. The inventors observed that the composite particles tend to carry an elevated static charge as compared to pure sodium bentonite litter. This static charge leads to an undesirable amount of tracking because the static electricity causes the composite litter particles to cling to the animals' fur. The inventors have surprisingly found that the amount of static can be significantly reduced by dry blending very small amounts (as low as about 0.2% by weight) of kaolinite with the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites. Initially added as a whitening agent to counteract the dark color of the carbon and enhance the litter's appearance, the inventors have found that kaolinite provides an unexpected anti-static effect.
Kaolinite is a common phyllosilicate mineral. Since it is relatively inert and long lasting, kaolinite has several industrial uses. It is used as a filler for paint, rubber and plastics. However, the greatest industrial demand for kaolinite is in the paper industry to produce a glossy paper. Kaolinite's structure is composed of silicate sheets (Si2O5) bonded to aluminum oxide/hydroxide layers (Al2(OH)4) called gibbsite layers. Kaolinite forms from the alteration (mostly weathering) of aluminum rich silicate minerals such as feldspars. Kaolinite is a white clay capable of mixing with carbon and improving its appearance in cat litter.
The inventors have shown that dry blending at least about 0.2% kaolinite by weight to the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein, can significantly brighten the dark color of the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites when used as an animal litter. The brightness (in percent reflectance) of the animal litter was evaluated using a Minolta Chroma Meter CR-300. This device is a compact tristimulus color analyzer for measuring colors of surfaces including textured surfaces: the higher the number, the brighter the surface of the material measured. Table 1 and FIG. 5 show the effect of varying amounts of kaolinite on the brightness of a bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composite particle animal litter.
TABLE 1 Colorimetric Results (percent reflectance) Percent Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Aver- st. Kaolinite ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 age dev. &#;&#;0% 50.0 51.0 51.3 51.8 50.0 50.8 0.81 0.1% 51.4 51.2 50.3 51.6 51.5 51.2 0.54 0.2% 52.0 52.2 51.7 52.3 52.3 52.1 0.26 0.5% 54.2 53.9 53.9 54.3 54.2 54.1 0.17 &#;&#;1% 55.1 55.4 55.3 54.8 55.2 55.2 0.21 &#;&#;2% 56.2 56.6 57.6 57.4 57.3 57.0 0.56The inventors have shown that adding at least about 0.2% kaolinite by weight to the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein, can significantly reduce the static charge present on the composite particles when used as an animal litter. As shown in Table 2 below and FIG. 6, kaolinite dry blended with the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites at levels as low as about 0.2% by weight significantly reduces the static charge observed. This, in turn, correlates to a significant reduction in tracking when the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein are used as an animal litter.
Static charge in animal litter was evaluated using the following test method. Bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites (about 59% Na-bentonite, about 38% wood chips, about 1% PAC and about 0.5 guar gum) comprised the animal litter. This animal litter was used as a control (0% kaolinite). The control then was mixed with powder kaolinite at the levels mentioned in Table 2. One hundred cubic centimeters (100 cc) of each product was then poured in a one hundred cubic centimeter (100 cc) plastic container, mixed and poured out of the container by gravity. The remaining particles bound to the plastic container walls were removed manually from the container and weighed. As illustrated in Table 2 and FIG. 6, the static charge in the animal litter was completely neutralized at about 0.2% of powder kaolinite.
TABLE 2 Amount of particles bound to the plastic jar after pouring the contents out. Percent Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Aver- st. Kaolinite ple 1 ple 2 ple 3 ple 4 ple 5 age dev. &#;&#;0% 124 133 117 127 136 127 7 0.1% 14 18 26 25 28 22 6 0.2% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 &#;&#;1% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 &#;&#;2% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Composite Particle Litter Compositions
Litter Composition A was prepared by pin-mixing 69% Na-bentonite, 30% wood chips, and 1% PAC. Litter Composition B was prepared by pin-mixing 59.5% Na-bentonite, 40% wood chips, and 0.5% PAC. Litter Composition C was prepared by pin-mixing 59.5% Na-bentonite, 39% wood chips, 1% PAC and 0.5% guar gum. Litter Composition D is a commercially available pure sodium bentonite litter (as defined herein). Litter Composition E was prepared by pin-mixing substantially spherical cellulostic particles having a particle size range less than 1 mm and sodium bentonite having a size range of less than 1 mm. Litter composition F was prepared by dry blending forty percent 8/30 mesh wood sawdust with sixty percent 8/40 mesh Na-bentonite.
The clump strength, attrition and bulk density were measured for all compositions. Bulk density reduction value is shown as compared to pure sodium bentonite litter (as defined herein). The results shown in Table 3 below are the average values from several repetitions.
TABLE 3 Bulk Bulk Density Compo- Clump Density Reduction sition Strength Attrition (g/cc) (%) A 90 1.52 0.62 42 B 80 0.4&#; 0.53 51 C 95 1.3&#; 0.48 56 D 92 N/A 1.08 N/A E 0 (litter did 0.54 0.91 20 not clump) F 25 N/A 0.38 65Animal Litter Compositions
Although the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein, either alone or dry blended with kaolinite, are suitable for use as an animal litter, the inventors have found that using the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein as a component to an animal litter, either alone or dry blended with kaolinite as described above, yields excellent results. Combining the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein with granular clay particles results in an animal litter that exhibits excellent clump strength, odor control, bulk density reduction (BDR), tracking, color and static control. Combining the composite particles with granular clay simplifies the manufacturing process of the animal litter. The composite particles may comprise about 2 to about 65 percent by weight of the animal litter, the granular sodium bentonite may comprise about 35 to about 98 percent by weight of the animal litter, and the granular calcium bentonite may comprise 0 to about 15 percent by weight of the animal litter.
Samples were made at three different BDR levels: about 15%, about 30% and about 40%. The samples comprised the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites disclosed herein, granular calcium bentonite, granular sodium bentonite and optionally small amounts of litter additives such as kaolinite, borax, fragrance, etc. As used herein &#;granular Ca-bentonite&#; and &#;granular Na-bentonite&#; refer to calcium bentonite clay particles and sodium bentonite clay particles approximately 8/40 mesh (about 0.4 mm to about 2 mm).
Bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites were prepared by pin-mixing about 60% Na-bentonite, about 40% wood chips, and about 1% PAC. No binder was included. Litter Composition G was prepared by dry blending about 5% of the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites by weight with about 0.1% kaolinite, about 10% by weight granular Ca-bentonite clay, and about 84% by weight granular Na-bentonite clay. Litter Composition H was prepared by dry blending about 20% the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites with about 0.3% kaolinite, 10% granular Ca-bentonite clay, and about 58% granular Na-bentonite clay. Litter Composition I was prepared by dry blending about 60% by weight the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites with about 0.3% by weight kaolinite, 10% granular Ca-bentonite clay, and about 28% by weight granular Na-bentonite clay. Table 4 compares the performance of the litter compositions G-I with the pure sodium bentonite commercial litter composition D.
TABLE 4 Bulk Bulk Density Compo- Clump Dust Density Reduction sition Strength (mg) (g/cc) (%) G 91 38 0.90 16.5 H 92 40 0.77 29 I 95 33 0.66 38.8 D 92 37 1.08 N/ATable 5 shows the particle size distribution for the various samples G-I against the commercially available pure sodium bentonite litter Composition D.
TABLE 5 Compo- Mesh size sition 4 8 12 16 20 30 40 60 100 Pan G 0.1 0.3 12 18 21 26 18 2.6 0.7 1.2 H 0.1 0.3 14 24 29 23 10 0.7 0.08 0.2 I 0.05 0.6 11 25 33 23 7 0.5 0.1 0.2 D 0.04 0.6 17 24 20 20 12 6 1 0.5Two additional lightweight formulas were made and compared to two commercially available pure sodium bentonite litters. Bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites were prepared by pin-mixing about 58% Na-bentonite, about 38% wood chips, and about 1% PAC and about 0.5% guar gum. Litter Composition J was prepared by dry blending the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites above with about 0.5% kaolinite and optionally minor amounts of other litter additives such as fragrance. Composition J was compared to commercially available pure sodium bentonite litter (as defined herein) Composition D.
Bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites were prepared by pin-mixing about 58% Na-bentonite, about 38% wood chips, and about 0.5% PAC and about 0.5% guar gum. Litter Composition K was prepared by dry blending the bentonite/cellulosic/PAC composites above with about 0.5% kaolinite and optionally minor amounts of other litter additives such as fragrance. Composition K was compared to a second commercially available pure sodium bentonite litter (as defined herein) Composition L. Particle size distribution (PSD) is the range in which at least 80% of the particles fall within. Odor control is measured by the Malodor Sensory Method described below. Samples were measured on Day 7 and Day 10. Both commercially available litter compositions D and L contained fragrance. In addition to the malodor ratings, litter Compositions J and K were observed to have significantly higher fragrance scents on both day 7 and day 10 than the pure sodium bentonite commercially available litters.
Description of Malodor Sensory Method:
Thus, the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONSThis application is a divisional of application U.S. Ser. No. 13/524,021, filed Jun. 15, and currently pending, herein incorporated by reference, which in turn claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/497,178, entitled &#;Cat Litter Product,&#; filed Jun. 15, , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Reference is also made to co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 14/012,153, filed Aug. 28, , which in turn claims benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/497,178, filed Jun. 15, , and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/694,000, filed Aug. 28, .
BACKGROUND1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to cat litter products.
2. Related Art
Swelling clay made of sodium bentonite has been used to promote clumping in cat litter products but has the disadvantage of being relatively expensive.
SUMMARYAccording to a first broad aspect, the present invention provides composition comprising: a blend comprising sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite, wherein sodium bentonite comprises at least 47% of the total external surface area of the blend, wherein the calcium bentonite comprises 5% to 53% of the total external surface area of the blend, wherein 90% of the particles of the sodium bentonite have a particle size of 345 to μm, and wherein 90% of the particles of the calcium bentonite have a particle size of 626 to μm.
According to a second broad aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising: a blend of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite, wherein the calcium bentonite is coated with a coating comprising polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
According to a third broad aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising a uniform blend of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite.
According to fourth broad aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising: a mixture comprising sodium bentonite and one or more granular filler materials, wherein the one or more granular filler materials comprise one or more cellulose-containing materials, wherein sodium bentonite comprises at least 47% of the total external surface area of the mixture, wherein the one or more granular filler materials comprise 5% to 53% of the total external surface area of the mixture, and wherein the mixture is removably clumpable.
According to fifth broad aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising: a mixture comprising sodium bentonite and one or more granular filler materials, wherein the one or more granular filler materials comprise one or more non-calcium bentonite clays, wherein sodium bentonite comprises at least 47% of the total external surface area of the mixture, wherein the one or more granular filler materials comprise 5% to 53% of the total external surface area of the mixture, and wherein the mixture is removably clumpable.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGSThe accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and constitute part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention, and, together with the general description given above and the detailed description given below, serve to explain the features of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing a method of making a litter product according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a method of making a fragrance-free litter product according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus for making a litter product according to one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic front view of a dropping device for testing clump strength of a litter using a Standard Drop Method Test.
FIG. 5 is schematic side view of the dropping device of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 is an image showing examples of clumps showing different levels of clump strength.
FIG. 7 is a schematic front view of an extreme dropping device for testing clump strength of a litter using an Extreme Drop Method Test.
FIG. 8 is schematic side view of the extreme dropping device of FIG. 7.
FIG. 9 is a graph of U.S. mesh versus ASTM multiplier for the sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite particles used in the litter compositions of Examples 3-35.
FIG. 10 is a plot of the percentage external surface area as sodium bentonite per pound of product plotted against the clump strength results for 30 second and 1 hour clumps for the litter compositions of Examples 3-35.
FIG. 11 is a plot of the percentage total particle count as sodium bentonite per pound of product versus the clump strength results for 30 second and 1 hour clumps for the litter compositions of Examples 3-35.
FIG. 12 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #1 of Example 3 and Blend #4 of Example 6.
FIG. 13 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #1 of Example 3 and Blend #4 of Example 6.
FIG. 14 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #2 of Example 4, Blend #3 of Example 5, Blend #15 of Example 17, Blend #16 of Example 18, Blend #17 of Example 19, Blend #18 of Example 20, Blend #19 of Example 21, Blend #20 of Example 22, Blend #21 of Example 23 and Blend #22 of Example 24.
FIG. 15 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #2 of Example 4, Blend #17 of Example 19, Blend #18 of Example 20 and Blend #19 of Example 21.
FIG. 16 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #3 of Example 5 and Blend #32 of Example 34.
FIG. 17 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #5 of Example 7 and Blend #6 of Example 8.
FIG. 18 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #5 of Example 7, Blend #6 of Example 8, Blend #7 of Example 9, Blend #8 of Example 10, Blend #9 of Example 11, Blend #10 of Example 12, Blend #11 of Example 13, Blend #12 of Example 14, Blend #13 of Example 15 and Blend #14 of Example 16.
FIG. 19 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #7 of Example 9, Blend #8 of Example 10, Blend #9 of Example 11, Blend #10 of Example 12 and Blend #11 of Example 13.
FIG. 20 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #12 of Example 14, Blend #13 of Example 15 and Blend #14 of Example 16.
FIG. 21 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #15 of Example 17 and Blend #16 of Example 18.
FIG. 22 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #20 of Example 22, Blend #21 of Example 23 and Blend #22 of Example 24.
FIG. 23 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #23 of Example 25.
FIG. 24 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #23 of Example 25.
FIG. 25 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #24 of Example 26, Blend #25 of Example 27, Blend #26 of Example 28, Blend #27 of Example 29, Blend #28 of Example 30. Blend #29 of Example 31, Blend #30 of Example 32, Blend #31 of Example 33, the litter of Example 35, Blend #41 of Example 44, Blend #42 of Example 45, Blend #43 of Example 46, Blend #44 of Example 47, Blend #45 of Example 48 and Blend #46 of Example 49.
FIG. 26 shows a table providing information about the paper granules used in Blend #24 of Example 26, Blend #25 of Example 27, Blend #26 of Example 28 and Blend #27 of Example 29.
FIG. 27 shows a table providing information about the wood fiber particles used in Blend #28 of Example 30.
FIG. 28 shows a table providing information about the barley grains used in Blend #29 of Example 31, Blend #30 of Example 32 and Blend #31 of Example 33.
FIG. 29 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #32 of Example 34.
FIG. 30 shows a table providing information about the sodium bentonite used in Blend #33 of Example 36, Blend #34 of Example 37, Blend #35 of Example 38, Blend #36 of Example 39, Blend #37 of Example 40 and Blend #37 of Example 40.
FIG. 31 shows a table providing information about the calcium bentonite used in Blend #33 of Example 36, Blend #34 of Example 37, Blend #35 of Example 38, Blend #36 of Example 39, Blend #37 of Example 40 and Blend #37 of Example 40.
FIG. 32 shows a table providing information about the attapulgite used in Blend #41 of Example 44, Blend #42 of Example 45 and Blend #43 of Example 46.
FIG. 33 shows a table providing information about the Taft clay used in Blend #44 of Example 47, Blend #45 of Example 48 and Blend #46 of Example 49.
FIG. 34 is a plot of detected ammonia versus days for three different litter compositions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS DefinitionsWhere the definition of terms departs from the commonly used meaning of the term, applicant intends to utilize the definitions provided below, unless specifically indicated.
For purposes of the present invention, it should be noted that the singular forms, &#;a,&#; &#;an&#; and &#;the&#; include reference to the plural unless the context as herein presented clearly indicates otherwise.
For purposes of the present invention, directional terms such as &#;top,&#; &#;bottom,&#; &#;upper,&#; &#;lower,&#; &#;above,&#; &#;below,&#; &#;left,&#; &#;right,&#; &#;horizontal,&#; &#;vertical,&#; &#;up,&#; &#;down,&#; etc., are merely used for convenience in describing the various embodiments of the present invention. The embodiments of the present invention may be oriented in various ways. For example, the diagrams, apparatuses, etc., shown in the drawing figures may be flipped over, rotated by 90° in any direction, reversed, etc.
For purposes of the present invention, a value or property is &#;based&#; on a particular value, property, the satisfaction of a condition or other factor, if that value is derived by performing a mathematical calculation or logical decision using that value, property or other factor.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;blend&#; refers to a uniform or substantially uniform mixture of two or more solid materials. One or more materials in a blend may be coated.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;cellulose-containing material&#; refers to a material in which 10% or more of the material is comprised of cellulose. Examples of cellulose-containing materials include paper, wood, seeds, fibers, etc. Examples of suitable seeds and grains for use as filler material include grass seeds and grains such as barley, rice, wheat, corn, maize, etc., pieces and parts thereof, reconstituted parts thereof and mixtures thereof.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;clumping additive&#; refers to a clumping agent other than sodium bentonite.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;clumping agent&#; refers to a material that increases the clump strength of a litter material. Examples of clumping agents include sodium bentonite, xanthan gum, guar gum, etc.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;clump strength&#; refers to the numerical value of average clump strength for a clump of litter material formed by exposing the litter material to a wetting agent approximating urine. The clump strength of a litter material may be determined using one of the clump strength test procedures described below. These procedures include the Standard Drop Method Test and Extreme Drop Method Test described below, as well as other procedures for determining clump strength.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;filler&#; and the term &#;filler material&#; refer to a material in a litter product other than a clumping agent, i.e., other than sodium bentonite or a clumping additive. In one embodiment of the present invention, a filler material may be calcium bentonite. In one embodiment of the present invention, the filler material may be a cellulose-containing material. In one embodiment of the present invention filler may constitute from 5% to 53% of the total external surface of a litter product. In one embodiment of the present invention filler may constitute from 10% to 53% of the total external surface of a litter product. In one embodiment of the present invention filler may constitute from 15% to 53% of the total external surface of a litter product. In one embodiment of the present invention filler may constitute from 50% to 53% of the total external surface of a litter product.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;fragrance coating&#; refers to a coating comprising a fragrance. A fragrance coating may include other components.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;granular&#; refers to a solid material having a particle size below 2 mesh. A solid material used in a mixture of the present invention may be ground to form a granular material.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;granular filler&#; and the term &#;granular filler material&#; refer to a filler that is granular.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;heterogeneous mixture&#; refers to a composition in which the components of the mixture may be readily separated from each other.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;homogeneous mixture&#; refers to a composition that is uniform.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;mixture&#; refers to a composition comprising two or more different components that are mixed but not combined chemically. An individual component of a heterogenous mixture may comprise two substances that are combined chemically, such as calcium bentonite particles coated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;non-calcium bentonite clay&#; refers to a clay other than calcium bentonite. Because a filler material cannot be sodium bentonite, a &#;non-calcium bentonite clay&#; cannot be sodium bentonite.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;removably clumpable&#; refers to a litter that, when exposed to a wetting agent forms one or more clumps having a firmness of sufficient structural integrity and hardness to withstand mechanical separation from unwetted litter for disposal. A litter material having a clump strength of &#;1.33 using the Standard Drop Method Test (described below) 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours or 72 hours after the clump is formed by exposure to a liquid is removably clumpable. A litter that is removably clumpable, i.e., has a clump strength of &#;1.33 using the Standard Drop Method Test, has a clump strength that is substantially the same as a litter comprised of only the sodium bentonite of the litter.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;substantially uniform&#; refers to a mixture that has substantially the same density throughout the mixture.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;Taft clay&#; refers to Antelope shale. Taft clay is porcelanite that is composed of opalaceous material.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;uniform&#; refers to a mixture of two or more solid materials wherein a measured density of the composition for ten or more samples of the mixture has a standard deviation of no greater than 2.0 lbs/ft3 throughout the mixture. One or more of the solid materials may be coated.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;uniform blend&#; refers to a blend that is uniform.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;uniform mixture&#; refers to a mixture that is uniform.
For purposes of the present invention, the term &#;wetting agent&#; refers to a liquid that wets a litter. Examples of wetting agents include liquids such as water, aqueous solutions, urine, synthetic urine, etc.
DESCRIPTIONIn one embodiment, the present invention provides a litter comprising sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite in which only the calcium bentonite particles are coated in polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a dedusting agent. Because clumpability for litters comprising mixtures of sodium bentonite with a filler, such as calcium bentonite, is dependent on the total external surface area of the sodium bentonite particles in the litter, by applying a PTFE coating to only the calcium bentonite particles, in one embodiment the present invention provides a litter that is low in dust while not substantially reducing the clumpabilility of the litter.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a litter product blend of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite in which 90% of the sodium bentonite particles have a particle size of between 345 and μm and 90% of the calcium bentonite particles have a particle size of between 626 and μm. In one embodiment of the present invention, the sodium bentonite particles have an average size of between 450 and μm and the calcium bentonite particles have an average range between 650 and μm.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a litter product comprising a mixture of sodium bentonite and one or more fillers that has emissions of ammonia when exposed to urine that are less than for sodium bentonite alone.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a litter product comprising sodium bentonite and one or more filler materials, in which the litter product has similar clumpability properties to sodium bentonite of the litter while being less dense than the sodium bentonite alone. In one embodiment, the present invention provides a clumpable litter product employing a cellulose-containing filler material to minimize the amount of sodium bentonite used while still providing clumpability similar to sodium bentonite of the litter.
FIG. 1 shows a method 102 for making a litter product according to one embodiment of the present invention that includes a fragrance. Method 102 starts with a tank 110 containing sodium bentonite granular particles and a tank 112 containing calcium bentonite particles. At step 114 the sodium bentonite particles are delivered from tank 112 to one of a series of conveyor belts that transport the sodium bentonite to a mixing station. At step 116 while the sodium bentonite particles are travelling on one of the conveyors, a fragrance slurry is added to the sodium bentonite particles as a coating. The fragrance slurry is a solution or suspension containing one or more fragrances and possibly other additives. Steps 124 and 126 are conducted at the same time as steps 114 and 116. At step 124 the calcium bentonite particles are delivered from tank 112 to one of a series of conveyor belts that transport the calcium bentonite to a mixing station. At step 126 while the calcium bentonite particles are travelling on one of the conveyors, a PTFE slurry is added to the calcium bentonite particles as a coating. The PTFE slurry is a solution or suspension containing PTFE. At step 132, the coated sodium bentonite particles and coated calcium bentonite particles are brought together to form a litter mixture. At step 134 the litter mixture is dedusted. At step 136 the sodium bentonite and the calcium bentonite are mixed together to form a litter product 138 that is a uniform blend. The fragrance slurry is sprayed onto the sodium bentonite particles in step 116 using a first hydraulic sprayer pump that sprays the fragrance slurry through a first set of flat fan sprayer nozzles to form a fragrance coating. The PTFE slurry is sprayed onto the calcium bentonite particles in step 126 using a second hydraulic sprayer pump that sprays the PTFE slurry through a second set of flat fan sprayer nozzles to form a PTFE coating.
FIG. 2 shows a method 202 for making a litter product according to one embodiment of the present invention that is fragrance-free. Method 202 starts with a tank 210 containing sodium bentonite granular particles and a tank 212 containing calcium bentonite particles. At step 214 the sodium bentonite particles are delivered from tank 212 to one of a series of conveyor belts that transport the sodium bentonite to a mixing station. Steps 224 and 226 are conducted at the same time as step 214. At step 224 the calcium bentonite particles are delivered from tank 212 to one of a series of conveyor belts that transport the calcium bentonite to a mixing station. At step 226 while the calcium bentonite particles are travelling on one of the conveyors, a PTFE slurry is added to the calcium bentonite particles as a PTFE coating. The PTFE slurry is a solution or suspension containing PTFE. At step 232, the coated sodium bentonite particles and coated calcium bentonite particles are brought together to form a litter mixture. At step 234 the litter mixture is dedusted. At step 236 the sodium bentonite and the calcium bentonite are mixed together to form a litter product 238 that is a uniform blend. The PTFE slurry is sprayed onto the calcium bentonite particles in step 226 using a hydraulic sprayer pump that sprays the PTFE slurry through a second set of flat fan sprayer nozzles.
FIG. 3 shows an apparatus 302 that may be employed in the methods of FIGS. 1 and 2, as well as other methods of making a litter product according to various embodiments of the present invention. Apparatus 302 includes a sodium bentonite tank 312 which is used to deliver sodium bentonite particles to a weigh conveyor belt 314 where the sodium bentonite particles are weighed. Weigh conveyor belt 314 conveys the sodium bentonite particles to a conveyor belt 316 where a fragrance slurry from a tank 318 may be sprayed onto the sodium bentonite particles, as indicated by arrow 320, to form coated sodium bentonite by using a hydraulic spray pump to pump the fragrance slurry through a set of flat fan sprayer nozzles. If a fragrance-free product is being produced, this step of spraying the fragrance slurry on the sodium bentonite particles may be omitted. For simplicity in the remainder of the description of the functioning of apparatus 302 it will be assumed that the sodium bentonite particles are coated with a fragrance slurry to form a fragrance coating. Conveyor belt 316 conveys the coated sodium bentonite particles to a base portion 322 of an elevator 324 as indicated by arrow 326.
Apparatus 302 also includes a calcium bentonite tank 332 which is used to deliver calcium bentonite particles to a weigh conveyor belt 334 where the calcium bentonite particles are weighed. Weigh conveyor belt 334 conveys the calcium bentonite particles to a conveyor belt 336 where a PTFE slurry from a tank 340 is sprayed onto the calcium bentonite particles, as indicated by arrow 342, to form coated calcium bentonite particles by using a hydraulic spray pump to pump the PTFE slurry through a set of flat fan sprayer nozzles. Conveyor belt 336 conveys the calcium bentonite particles to a base portion 322 of elevator 324.
The coated sodium bentonite particles and the coated calcium bentonite particles are mixed together at base portion 322 of elevator 324 and conveyed up to a top portion 328 of elevator 324 before falling through a dedust box 348 and a mass flow surge bin 350 and onto a weigh conveyor belt 352. The total amount of mixture is weighed on weigh conveyor belt 352. Weigh conveyer belt 352 conveys the mixture to a conveyor belt 354 where one or more additives may be added to the mixture from an additive feeder 356 as indicated by arrow 358. Conveyor belt 354 conveys the mixture to a conveyor belt 360 where the mixture is blended using stationary mixing plows 362. Conveyor belt 360 eventually conveys the mixture to a static mixer 364 to further blend the mixture. After the mixture is well blended to form a litter product, the litter product is dispensed from static mixer 364 into a mass flow packaging bin 366, as indicated by arrow 368, and is sent to a packaging apparatus as indicated by arrow 372. Dust collection is performed by various dust collection devices at various portions of apparatus 302 as shown by arrows 374.
The dedust box function dedusts the clay. Clay falls down a &#;flight of stairs&#; with air passing through the falling clay as it falls from each step. The air with entrained dust goes to a dust collector.
One purpose of the mass flow surge bin is to function as a typical surge bin. The mass flow surge bin also functions is to avoid segregation. A normal surge bin is a kind of &#;first in first out&#; and has funnel flow. This action may cause segregation. A mass flow bin does a much better job of avoiding segregation. When one mixes materials of either different particles sizes or densities, agitation and movement may cause segregation. A mass flow surge bin is a special design where material moves as a column down the silo so one gets a &#;first in, first out behavior. This greatly lessens agitation and decreases segregation.
In apparatus 302 of FIG. 3, the stationary plows are mounted over a moving belt to plow the material after a material addition. The stationary plows &#;fold&#; the material in. The stationary plows are set up to provide both a rolling action and a back and forth motion for blending. The stationary plows mix the final dry additives into the main flow of material on the belt by moving the flowing material back and forth from side to side turning it over onto itself. There are four plows alternately angled left and right. The action is similar to that inside a static mixer. The movement of the powered conveyor belt flowing the material past the plows imparts the necessary energy for mixing. The plows are immediately downstream of where minor quantities of solid powdered and granular additives are applied. The plows assure that these additives are well-mixed into the blend.
The static mixer of apparatus 302 of FIG. 3 is a section of vertical pipe with an arrangement of internal mixing baffles (flanges or louvers) that repeatedly split and recombine the flow to ensure a final uniform blend immediately before packaging.
Apparatus 302 of FIG. 3 is controlled by a control system 382 that is used to control the percentage of each component in the composition of the litter's blend. Flows of materials may be dynamically ratioed so that the blends formed by the apparatus have a specific composition of ingredients. The weight conveyor belt for sodium bentonite sets the pace for the operation of the apparatus and sends a signal to the control system that is used to properly ratio the flow of calcium bentonite and all other ingredients. During startup, shutdown and speed changes, the control system maintains quality of blend by accounting for different belt lengths, belt speeds and flow rates so that flows start and stop together at the point of mixing. Further protections on quality include upper and lower range specifications on key settings. Associated with these are warning limits and process shutdown limits to prevent off-specification production. Important areas for blending and avoidance of segregation are the material transfer points, where the stationary plows blend the mixture, the static mixer and the mass flow surge bin.
In making a cat litter blend, any time a blend is agitated at a material transfer point where there is a free flow or free fall of material, segregation may occur. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present invention, segregation of the materials in a blend may be minimized by minimizing the number of material transfer points and by minimizing the length that a blend falls at a material transfer point.
The additive feeder of the apparatus of FIG. 3 may be used to add materials such as a clumping agent, a fragrance, odor control additives, etc. Although for simplicity of illustration, only one additive feeder is shown in FIG. 3, there may be two or more additive feeders.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the sodium bentonite used in a litter mixture may have a bulk density of 60 to 75 lbs/ft3.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the calcium bentonite used in a litter mixture may have a bulk density of 35 to 45 lbs/ft3.
In one embodiment of the present invention, a sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blend used in a litter may have a bulk density of 50 to 58 lbs/ft3 In one embodiment of the present invention, a sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blend may be sufficiently uniform that differences in the bulk density throughout the blend are 2.0 lbs/ft3, or 0.97 lbs/ft3, or 0.96 lbs/ft3, or even 0.74 lbs/ft3, for 10 samples of the blend.
In addition to calcium bentonite, other materials that may be used as filler materials in litter compositions of the present invention include Taft clay, smectites, attapulgite (palygorskite), fuller's earth, diatomaceous earth, kaolinite, sepiolite, zeolite, vermiculite, pumice, perlite, gypsum, beads (polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, glass, silica gel), cloth, cotton, straw, cellulose, bark, poultry litter, reconstituted materials and combinations of materials such as mineral cellulose and light weight fertilizer, recycled wastes such as Milorganite, organic material such as barley grains, corn kernels, wheat grains, coffee beans, rice grains, nut shells, paper, wood fiber, wood pulp, wood shavings, wood chips, wood flour, sawdust, etc., pieces and parts thereof, reconstituted parts thereof and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, filler materials of the present invention may have a bulk density of less than of the sodium bentonite in a litter mixture.
In one embodiment, a filler of the present invention may be a granular filler.
Litter compositions of the present invention may include clumping additives. Examples of clumping additives that may be used in mixtures of the present invention include polysaccharides, guar gum, Arabic gum, karaya gum, tara gum, ghatti gum, galactomannan gum, locust bean gum, cellulose ester or ether, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, polyelectrolyte, xanthan gum, alginates, carrageenan gums, pectins, starches, psyllium husk powder, corn flour, pre-gelatinized corn flour, polyvinyl alcohol, polymers, copolymers, modified starches, etc.
Litter compositions of the present invention may include dedusting agents. Examples of dedusting agents that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), oils, water, glycerols, glycols, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, polymers, silicones, calcium chloride, foams, etc.
In one embodiment of the present invention in which calcium bentonite particles are used as a filler material, a 1.2% slurry of PTFE in water may be sprayed onto the calcium bentonite particles at the application rate of 40 lbs/ton of calcium bentonite (0.48 lbs. active PTFE per ton of calcium bentonite) using an apparatus such as shown in FIG. 1. The PTFE coated calcium bentonite is later blended with sodium bentonite.
A litter of the present invention may include various other additives such as odor control additives, odor masking agents, emulsifiers, fixatives, indicators, pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, attractants, repellants, sanitizers, emollients, humectants, dessicants, dyes, pigments, etc.
Examples of odor control additives that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include biocides, urease inhibitors, iodine, chlorophyllin sodium copper salts, probiotics, enzymes, baking soda, carbon, zeolites, salts, aldehydes (benzaldehyde, heptaldehyde, undecalcatone, benzyl cinnamate, cinnamaldehyde, citral, vanillin, coumarin, undecanal, etc.).
Examples of odor masking agents that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include fragrances such as citrus, floral (lavender), green, fruity, herbaceous, musk, oriental, woody, etc.
Examples of emulsifiers that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include: polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, block copolymers such as Lutrol® and non-ionic solubilizers such as Cremophor® RH.
Examples of fixatives that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include polypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, glycerin, sugar alcohols, etc.
Examples of indictors that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include pH indicators, ammonia indicators, etc. that change color to indicate a change in pH, the presence of ammonia, etc.
Examples of attractants that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include pheromones, catnip, etc.
Examples of repellants that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include flea repellants, tick repellants, mite repellants, etc.
Examples of sanitizers that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include alcohols, chlorhexidine gluconate, phenols, iodine, quaternary salts, ammonium compounds, hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, sodium perchlorate, etc.
Examples of dessicants that may be included in a litter composition of the present invention include calcium sulfate, calcium chloride, silica gel, etc.
Having described the many embodiments of the present invention in detail, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should be appreciated that all examples in the present disclosure, while illustrating many embodiments of the invention, are provided as non-limiting examples and are, therefore, not to be taken as limiting the various aspects so illustrated.
EXAMPLES Materials and Methods Clump Strength Test&#;Standard Drop Method TestFIGS. 4 and 5 show a dropping device 402 used to test clump strength using the Stand Drop Method Test. To measure clump strength of litter formulations an aluminum pan is placed under a dropping device. The aluminum pan may include one or more sheets of paper product, such as a paper towel, as a liner. A small depression, approximately 1 cm, is made in a flat pile of a litter to be tested. 20 ml of a wetting agent is poured over the test litter. After 30 seconds a clump is removed from the test litter and placed on a swinging platform of a dropping device with the bottom side of the clump down. Prior to the clump being placed on the swinging platform, the swinging platform is raised by a user to be horizontal relative to the inner horizontal surface of the pan. The user releases the swinging platform allowing the clump to free fall into an aluminum pan placed exactly 12 inches (30.5 cm) below. Next, the clump is visually examined for breakage and assigned a rating on a scale from 1 to 3:1: clump intact, no breakage; 2: slight breakage (clumps breaks into 2 pieces); and 3: moderate breakage (clump breaks into more than 2 pieces), as shown in FIG. 6. The test is repeated on 2 more clumps and the average rating of all 3 clumps is reported. In the Examples 3-49 below, synthetic urine was used as a wetting agent. The particular synthetic urine composition used in Drop Method Tests of Examples 3-49 is shown below in Table A:
TABLE A Component % by weight Water 89.84 Urea 5.44 Sodium chloride 3.00 Sodium phosphate 0.78 Ammonium nitrate 0.50 Sodium bisulfate 0.44 Total 100.00
Dropping device 402 includes a vertical back 412 mounted on two legs 414 and 416 that stand on a table surface 418. A swinging platform 422 is mounted on a vertical back 412 by means of a spring-loaded hinge 424 that is attached to swinging platform 422 and a base 426 by mounting plates 428 and 430. Base 426 is mounted on vertical back 412. An aluminum pan 432 is located on table surface 418 below swinging platform 422. FIG. 4 shows swinging platform 422 in a down position. FIG. 2 shows swinging platform 422 in an up position. Swinging platform 422 is maintained in the up position by a user holding swinging platform 422 in the up position.
FIG. 5 shows a clump 442 having a bottom side 444 resting on swinging platform 422 at a middle point 452 (shown in FIG. 4) of swinging platform 422 prior to dropping. When swinging platform 422 is released by a user, swinging platform 422 swings down as shown by dashed arrow 454 until swinging platform 422 rests against vertical back 412 as shown by shadow lines 456. When swinging platform 422 is released, clump 442 drops vertically as shown by dashed arrow 458 into aluminum pan 432. A dropped clump 462 drops a distance, shown by double-headed arrow 464, from a top surface 466 of swinging platform 422 to an inner horizontal surface 468 of pan 432, which is 12 inches (30.5 cm). Swinging platform 422 has a length, shown by double-headed arrow 472, of 7.5 (19.1 cm) inches and a width, shown by double-headed arrow 474, of 4.5 inches (11.4 cm).
Clumps are evaluated using the scale shown in FIG. 6. An intact clump, shown by arrow 612, is given a rating of 1. A clump that breaks into only 2 pieces, shown by arrow 614, is given a rating of 2. A clump that breaks into 3 or more pieces, shown by arrow 616, is given a rating of 3.
Clump Strength Test&#;Extreme Drop Method TestFIGS. 7 and 8 show a dropping device 702 used to test clump strength using the Extreme Drop Method Test. To measure clump strength of litter formulations an aluminum pan is placed under a dropping device. A small depression, approximately 1 cm is made in a flat pile of a litter to be tested. 20 ml of synthetic urine is poured over the test litter. After 30 seconds a clump is carefully removed from the test litter and placed on a swinging platform of a dropping device with the bottom side of the clump down. Prior to the clump being placed on the swinging platform, the swinging platform is raised by a user to be horizontal relative to the inner horizontal surface of the pan. The user releases swinging platform allowing the clump to free-fall into an aluminum pan placed exactly 47 inches (119.4 cm) below. Next, the clump is visually examined for breakage and assigned a rating on a scale from 1 to 3:1: clump intact, no breakage; 2: slight breakage (clumps breaks into 2 pieces); and 3: moderate breakage (clump breaks into more than 2 pieces). The test is repeated on 2 more clumps and the average rating of all 3 clumps is reported.
Dropping device 702 including a vertical back 712 mounted on two legs 714 and 716 that stand on a table surface 718. A swinging platform 722 is mounted on vertical back 712 by means of a spring-loaded hinge 724 that is attached swinging platform 722 and a base 726 by mounting plates 728 and 730. Base 726 is mounted on vertical back 712. An aluminum pan 732 is located on table surface 718 below swinging platform 722. FIG. 7 shows swinging platform 722 in a down position. FIG. 8 shows swinging platform 722 in an up position. Swinging platform 722 is maintained in the up position by a user holding swinging platform 722 in the up position.
FIG. 8 shows a clump 742 having a bottom side 744 resting on swinging platform 722 at a middle point 752 (shown in FIG. 7) of swinging platform 722 prior to dropping. When swinging platform 722 is released by a user, swinging platform 722 swings down as shown by dashed arrow 754 until swinging platform 722 rests against vertical back 712 as shown by shadow lines 756. When swinging platform 722 is released, clump 742 drops vertically as shown by dashed arrow 758 into aluminum pan 732. A dropped clump 762 drops a distance, shown by double-headed arrow 764, from a top surface 766 of swinging platform 722 to an inner horizontal surface 768 of pan 732 is 47 inches (119.4 cm). Swinging platform has a length, shown by double-headed arrow 772, of 7.5 (19.1 cm) inches and a width, shown by double-headed arrow 774, of 4.5 inches (11.4 cm).
Clumps are evaluated using the scale shown in FIG. 6. An intact clump, shown by arrow 612, is given a rating of 1. A clump breaks into only 2 pieces, shown by arrow 614, is given a rating of 2. A clump that breaks into 3 or more pieces, shown by arrow 616, is given a rating of 3.
Bulk Density&#;Loose-fill (O'Haus) MethodThe Bulk Density&#;Loose-Fill (O'Haus) Method is a standard test used to determine the density (in lbs/ft3, or kg/m3) of a granulated or powdered substance in its loose state. In this method a tared dry pint cup is filled to overflowing with a sample of a granulated or powdered substance or mixture. The sample is leveled. The weight of the sample is measured and the bulk density calculated in pounds per cubic foot or kilograms per cubic meter. Additional information about this testing method is provided in ASTM Standard Method E 727, the entire contents and disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Apparatus and Reagents
Procedure (Operator time is approximately 10 minutes):
Calculations:
Magic Cat Box testing provides an evaluation of a cat litter's ammonia control efficacy over time under stressful conditions. The test can be used to compare competitive products and to evaluate new fragrance/biocide systems. This test involves mixing feces-inoculated synthetic cat urine with test material, placing in capped, ventilated jars and testing periodically for ammonia formation using ammonia detection tubes.
Apparatus and Reagents:
Procedure:
TABLE B Component % by weight Water 91.43 Cat feces 1.00 Urea 5.22 Ammonium phosphate dibasic 0.70 Sodium bisulfate 0.45 Ammonia 0.33 Potassium chloride 0.32 Sodium chloride 0.27 Creatinine 0.18 Magnesium chloride 0.06 Creatine 0.03 Calcium chloride 0.02 Total 100.00
A litter is produced using the manufacturing process shown in FIG. 1. This litter has the composition shown in Table 1 below:
TABLE 1 Application Rate Ingredient % (w/w) (lbs/ton) Sodium bentonite 64.4 Calcium bentonite 34.7 700 Fragrance slurry 0.3 6 PTFE slurry 0.7 14 Totals 100.0
The fragrance slurry (coating) is applied only to the sodium bentonite. The fragrance slurry has a composition shown in Table 2 below:
TABLE 2 Amount Ingredient % (w/w) (lbs/ton) Water 68.8 Emulsifier 10.0 200 Fragrance 16.9 338 Odor control additive 3.4 68 Colorant 0.9 18 Totals 100.0
The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) slurry (coating) is applied only to the calcium bentonite. The PTFE slurry has a composition shown in Table 3 below:
TABLE 3 Application % Rate Ingredient (w/w) (lbs/ton) Water 98.0 60% PTFE suspension in water 2.0 40 Totals 100.0
Based on information in Table 3, the slurry is 1.2% PTFE (w/w). Based on the information in Tables 1 and 3, PTFE makes up 0.% (w/w) of the litter composition.
A fragrance-free litter is produced using the manufacturing process shown in FIG. 2. This litter has the composition shown in Table 4 below:
TABLE 4 Application Rate Ingredient % (w/w) (lbs/ton) Sodium bentonite 64.5 Calcium bentonite 34.8 700 PTFE slurry 0.7 14 Totals: 100.0
Examples 3-49In Examples 3-49 below, the following terms have the following meanings:
In Examples 3-49 below, tests are conducted on blends of a swelling clay and a non-swelling clay, a swelling clay alone, blends of a swelling clay with paper particles, a blend of a swelling clay with wood fiber particles and blends of a swelling clay with barley grains. The swelling clay used is sodium bentonite from Wyoming from the company Wyo-Ben. The non-swelling clay used is Oil-Dri's Blue Mountain RVM clay (calcium bentonite). Each experimental blend of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite clay is prepared by weighing out each component into a clean, plastic cat litter bin and blending by hand until uniform. Immediately after blending, about 1,000 grams of each blend is transferred to an appropriately sized plastic container. Next, 20 ml of room temperature tap water is drawn using a transfer pipette and poured over the blend to form a clump. A total of three clumps are formed in each container. The clumps are allowed to sit for 30 seconds and one hour prior to testing. In some cases the clumps are prepared 12, 24 and 36 hours prior to testing. The clump strength is tested using the Standard Drop Method Test. The aluminum pan is lined with a paper towel. The clumps are each tested by placing a clump on the spring loaded hinged platform of the dropping device and releasing the platform to allow the clump to fall into the aluminum pan lined with the paper towel. Each clump was dropped from the height of 12 inches. The clumps are later evaluated visually and rated from 1 to 3 based on the scale shown in FIG. 6. Each blend tested consists of various particle sizes of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite clay combined at different ratios based on weight. Multiple particle sizes of raw materials are either provided by a supplier or screened using a Sweeco vibrating particle separator with appropriate screens. The particle size distribution of each raw material is confirmed by using a Tyler RoTap mechanical sieve shaker with sieves ranging in size from 6 to 100 U.S. mesh. A solid material used in a mixture of the present invention may be ground to form smaller particles.
After completion of the particle size analysis, an external surface area of each particle cut is calculated based on an average mesh size of each particle cut, according to an equation: 4πr2. The external surface area calculation is based on a simplifying assumption that each particle is a perfect sphere. The particle count per unit weight of material is calculated according to the ASTM Standard Test Method E -99. The multipliers for 4/6, 6/8, 8/10, 6/10 and <100 mesh particles are extrapolated from a power trendline with the R2=0. for the plot of the U.S. mesh size versus ASTM multiplier. The particle count is also based on a simplified assumption that all particles are spherical; see FIG. 9.
Next, a total external surface area of each particle cut was calculated by multiplication of the external surface area value by the number of particles in each cut. Following the surface area calculation, a cumulative external surface of each raw material is calculated per pound of material by summation of the external surface area values of each particle size cut. Finally, a ratio of a total external surface area of sodium bentonite and Blue Mountain RVM (calcium bentonite) clay per pound of blended material is calculated. After completion of all experiments, the percentage of external surface area as sodium bentonite per pound of product is plotted against the clump strength results for 30 second and 1 hour clumps, as shown in FIG. 10.
A similar plot was compiled for the percentage of total particle count as sodium bentonite per pound of product versus the clump strength results for 30 second and 1 hour clumps, as shown in FIG. 11.
Example 3Blend #1: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 60.15 lb/ft3, external surface area 27.39 ft2/lb), 35% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 41.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 23.47 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #1 is provided in Table of FIG. 12. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #1 is provided in Table of FIG. 13. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 484 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 905 μm.
Information about Blend #1 is provided in Table 5 below:
TABLE 5 Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium 65.00 8,095,362 84 17.80 68 bentonite Calcium 35.00 1,487,906 16 8.21 32 bentonite Totals 100.00 9,583,268 100 26.02 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 6 below.
TABLE 6 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 36 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 2 1 1 Test 3 2 1 1 2 2 Average 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.3 1.3
Example 4Blend #2: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 35% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 38.44 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #2 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #2 is provided in Table of FIG. 15. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 949 μm.
Information about Blend #2 is provided in Table 7 below:
TABLE 7 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 1,236,816 26 11.36 46 Calcium bentonite 35.00 3,575,941 74 13.45 54 Totals 100.00 4,812,757 100 24.82 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 8 below.
TABLE 8 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 36 hrs. Test 1 3 2 1 1 1 Test 2 3 1 2 1 1 Test 3 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0
Example 5Blend #3: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 35% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 41.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 15.63 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #3 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #3 is provided in Table of FIG. 16. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
The company is the world’s best Bulk Granular Bentonite Cat Litter supplier. We are your one-stop shop for all needs. Our staff are highly-specialized and will help you find the product you need.
Information about Blend #3 is provided in Table 9 below:
TABLE 9 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 1,236,816 39 11.36 68 Calcium bentonite 35.00 1,962,285 61 5.47 32 Totals 100.00 3,199,102 100 16.83 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 10 below.
TABLE 10 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 36 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 6Blend #4: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 60.15 lb/ft3, external surface area 27.39 ft2/lb), 50% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 41.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 23.47 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #4 is provided in Table of FIG. 12. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #4 is provided in Table of FIG. 13. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 484 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 905 μm.
Information about Blend #4 is provided in Table 11 below:
TABLE 11 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 6,227,201 75 13.70 54 Calcium bentonite 50.00 2,125,580 25 11.74 46 Totals 100.00 8,352,781 100 25.43 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 12 below.
TABLE 12 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 7Blend #5: 65% sodium bentonite (BPO sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.33 lb/ft3, external surface area 15.46 ft2/lb), 35% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #5 is provided in Table of FIG. 17. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #5 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 806 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #5 is provided in Table 13 below:
TABLE 13 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 2,263,767 40 10.05 45 Calcium bentonite 35.00 3,422,605 60 12.27 55 Totals 100.00 5,686,371 100 22.33 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 14 below.
TABLE 14 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 2 2 Test 2 2 1 Test 3 2 1 Average 2.0 1.3
Example 8Blend #6: 70% sodium bentonite (BPM sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.33 lb/ft3, external surface area 15.46 ft2/lb), 30% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #6 is provided in Table of FIG. 17. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #6 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 806 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #6 is provided in Table 15 below:
TABLE 15 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 70.00 2,437,903 45 10.82 51 Calcium bentonite 30.00 2,933,661 55 10.52 49 Totals 100.00 5,371,564 100 21.35 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 16 below.
TABLE 16 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 9Blend #7: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben Exp. sodium bentonite, bulk density 62.49 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.75 ft2/lb), 50% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #7 is provided in Table of FIG. 19. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #7 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 650 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #7 is provided in Table 17 below:
TABLE 17 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 1,983,882 29 9.38 35 Calcium bentonite 50.00 4,889,435 71 17.53 65 Totals 100.00 6,873,317 100 26.91 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 18 below.
TABLE 18 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 3 3 Test 2 3 2 Test 3 3 2 Average 3.0 2.3
Example 10Blend #8: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben Exp. sodium bentonite, bulk density 62.49 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.75 ft2/lb), 40% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #8 is provided in Table of FIG. 19. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #8 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 650 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #8 is provided in Table 19 below:
TABLE 19 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 2.380,658 38 11.25 45 Calcium bentonite 40.00 3,911,548 62 14.03 55 Totals 100.00 6,292,207 100 25.28 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 20 below.
TABLE 20 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 3 2 Test 3 3 2 Average 2.3 1.7
Example 11Blend #9: 70% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben Exp. sodium bentonite, bulk density 62.49 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.75 ft2/lb), 30% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #9 is provided in Table of FIG. 19. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #9 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 650 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #9 is provided in Table 21 below:
TABLE 21 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 70.00 2,777,435 49 13.13 56 Calcium bentonite 30.00 2,933,661 51 10.52 44 Totals 100.00 5,711,096 100 23.65 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 22 below.
TABLE 22 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 12Blend #10: 80% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben Exp. sodium bentonite, bulk density 62.49 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.75 ft2/lb), 20% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #10 is provided in Table of FIG. 19. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #10 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 650 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #10 is provided in Table 23 below:
TABLE 23 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 80.00 3,174,211 62 15.00 68 Calcium bentonite 20.00 1,955,774 38 7.01 32 Totals 100.00 5,129,985 100 22.01 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 24 below.
TABLE 24 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 13Blend #11: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben Exp. sodium bentonite, bulk density 62.49 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.75 ft2/lb), 35% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #11 is provided in Table of FIG. 19. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #11 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 650 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #11 is provided in Table 25 below:
TABLE 25 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 2,579,047 43 12.19 50 Calcium bentonite 35.00 3,422,605 57 12.27 50 Totals 100.00 6,001,651 100 24.46 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 26 below.
TABLE 26 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 14Blend #12: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.2 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.13 ft2/lb), 50% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #12 is provided in Table of FIG. 20. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #12 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 799 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #12 is provided in Table 27 below:
TABLE 27 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 2,068,587 30 8.56 33 Calcium bentonite 50.00 4,889,435 70 17.53 67 Totals 100.00 6,958,022 100 26.10 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 28 below.
TABLE 28 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 3 2 Test 2 2 2 Test 3 3 2 Average 2.7 2.0
Example 15Blend #13: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.2 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.13 ft2/lb), 40% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #13 is provided in Table of FIG. 20. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #13 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 799 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #13 is provided in Table 29 below:
TABLE 29 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 2,482,304 39 10.28 42 Calcium bentonite 40.00 3,911,548 61 14.03 58 Totals 100.00 6,393,853 100 24.31 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 30 below.
TABLE 30 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 2 2 Test 2 2 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.7 1.3
Example 16Blend #14: 70% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.2 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.13 ft2/lb), 30% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 35.07 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #14 is provided in Table of FIG. 20. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #14 is provided in Table of FIG. 18. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 799 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #14 is provided in Table 31 below:
TABLE 31 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 70.00 2,896,022 50 11.99 53 Calcium bentonite 30.00 2,933,661 50 10.52 47 Totals 100.00 5,829,683 100 22.51 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 32 below.
TABLE 32 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 17Blend #15: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 40% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 41.9 lb/ft3, external surface area 31.60 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #15 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #15 is provided in Table of FIG. 21. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #15 is provided in Table 33 below:
TABLE 33 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 1,141,676 21 10.49 45 Calcium bentonite 40.00 4,263,602 79 12.64 55 Totals 100.00 5,405,279 100 23.13 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 34 below.
TABLE 34 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 2 2 Test 2 2 2 Test 3 3 1 Average 2.3 1.7
Example 18Blend #16: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 35% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 41.9 lb/ft3, external surface area 31.60 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #16 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #16 is provided in Table of FIG. 21. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is 688 μm.
Information about Blend #16 is provided in Table 35 below:
TABLE 35 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 1,236,816 25 11.36 51 Calcium bentonite 35.00 3,730,652 75 11.06 49 Totals 100.00 4,967,468 100 22.42 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 36 below.
TABLE 36 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 19Blend #17: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 50% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 24.04 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #17 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #17 is provided in Table of FIG. 15. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #17 is provided in Table 37 below:
TABLE 37 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 951,397 58 8.74 42 Calcium bentonite 50.00 690,696 42 12.02 58 Totals 100.00 1,642,094 100 20.76 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 38 below.
TABLE 38 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 36 hrs. Test 1 2 1 1 1 1 Test 2 3 1 1 1 1 Test 3 3 1 1 2 1 Average 2.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0
Example 20Blend #18: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 45% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 24.04 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #18 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #18 is provided in Table of FIG. 15. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #18 is provided in Table 39 below:
TABLE 39 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 55.00 1,046,537 63 9.61 47 Calcium bentonite 45.00 621,627 37 10.82 53 Totals 100.00 1,668,164 100 20.43 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 40 below.
TABLE 40 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 36 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 21Blend #19: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.48 ft2/lb), 40% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 37.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 24.04 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #19 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #19 is provided in Table of FIG. 15. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 794 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #19 is provided in Table 41 below:
TABLE 41 Ext Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 1,141,676 67 10.49 52 Calcium bentonite 40.00 552,557 33 9.62 48 Totals 100.00 1,694,234 100 20.11 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours, 24 hours and 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 42 below.
TABLE 42 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. 36 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 22Blend #20: 40% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.66 ft2/lb), 60% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 46.22 lb/ft3, external surface area 14.02 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #20 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #20 is provided in Table of FIG. 22. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 778 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #20 is provided in Table 43 below:
TABLE 43 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 40.00 2,524,423 49 7.06 46 Calcium bentonite 60.00 2,607,640 51 8.41 54 Totals 100.00 5,132,062 100 15.48 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 44 below.
TABLE 44 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. Test 1 1 1 3 1 Test 2 2 1 2 1 Test 3 2 1 1 1 Average 1.7 1.0 2.0 1.0
Example 23Blend #21: 45% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.66 ft2/lb), 55% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 46.22 lb/ft3, external surface area 14.02 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #21 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #21 is provided in Table of FIG. 22. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 778 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #21 is provided in Table 45 below:
TABLE 45 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 45.00 2,839,975 54 7.95 51 Calcium bentonite 55.00 2.390,336 46 7.71 49 Totals 100.00 5,230,312 100 15.66 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 46 below.
TABLE 46 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. Test 1 1 1 2 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.0
Example 24Blend #22: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.4 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.66 ft2/lb), 50% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 46.22 lb/ft3, external surface area 14.02 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #22 is provided in Table of FIG. 14. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #22 is provided in Table of FIG. 22. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 778 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #22 is provided in Table 47 below:
TABLE 47 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 3,155,528 59 8.83 56 Calcium bentonite 50.00 2,173,033 41 7.01 44 Totals 100.00 5,328,561 100 15.84 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 48 below.
TABLE 48 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 25Blend #23: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 64.86 lb/ft3, external surface area 16.33 ft2/lb), 45% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 39.75 lb/ft3, external surface area 22.80 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #23 is provided in Table of FIG. 23. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #23 is provided in Table of FIG. 24. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 832 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #23 is provided in Table 49 below:
TABLE 49 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 55.00 1,227,224 46 8.98 47 Calcium bentonite 45.00 1,424,663 54 10.26 53 Totals 100.00 2,651,887 100 19.24 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 12 hours and 24 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. No tests are conducted 36 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 50 below.
TABLE 50 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 12 hrs. 24 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 26Blend #24: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 50% paper granules (paper granule Biodac, bulk density 46.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.17 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 55.90 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #24 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the paper granules of Blend #24 is provided in Table of FIG. 26. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the paper granules is μm.
Information about Blend #24 is provided in Table 51 below:
TABLE 51 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 4,375,015 94 8.51 48 Paper granules 50.00 274,075 6 9.09 52 Totals 100.00 4,649,090 100 17.59 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 52 below.
TABLE 52 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 2 2 1 1 Test 3 2 2 2 3 Average 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.7
Example 27Blend #25: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 45% paper granules (paper granule Biodac, bulk density 46.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.17 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 57.23 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #25 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the paper granules of Blend #25 is provided in Table of FIG. 26. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the paper granules is μm.
Information about Blend #25 is provided in Table 53 below:
TABLE 53 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 55.00 4,812,516 95 9.36 53 Paper granules 45.00 246,668 5 8.18 47 Totals 100.00 5,059,184 100 17.53 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 54 below.
TABLE 54 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 28Blend #26: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 35% paper granules (paper granule Biodac, bulk density 46.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.17 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 57.25 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #26 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the paper granules of Blend #26 is provided in Table of FIG. 26. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the paper granules is μm.
Information about Blend #26 is provided in Table 55 below:
TABLE 55 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 5,687,519 97 11.06 63 Paper granules 35.00 191,853 3 6.36 37 Totals 100.00 5,879,372 100 17.42 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 56 below.
TABLE 56 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 29Blend #27: 70% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 30% paper granules (paper granule Biodac, bulk density 46.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 18.17 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 58.45 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #27 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the paper granules of Blend #27 is provided in Table of FIG. 26. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the paper granules is μm.
Information about Blend #27 is provided in Table 57 below:
TABLE 57 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 70.00 6,125,021 97 11.91 69 Paper granules 30.00 164,445 3 5.45 31 Totals 100.00 6,289,466 100 17.36 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 58 below.
TABLE 58 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 30Blend #28: 86% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 14% wood fiber particles (bulk density 7.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 102.56 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 41.13 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #28 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the wood fiber of Blend #28 is provided in Table of FIG. 27. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the wood fiber particles is μm.
Information about Blend #28 is provided in Table 59 below:
TABLE 59 Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 86.00 7,525,026 77 14.63 50 Wood fiber 14.00 2,264,048 23 14.36 50 Totals 100.00 9,789,074 100 28.99 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 60 below.
TABLE 60 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 2 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 2 1 3 1 Average 1.3 1.0 2.0 1.0
Example 31Blend #29: 40% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 60% barley grains (bulk density 49.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.95 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 56.91 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #29 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the barley grains of Blend #29 is provided in Table of FIG. 28. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the barley grains is μm.
Information about Blend #29 is provided in Table 61 below:
TABLE 61 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 40.00 3,500,012 72 6.80 39 Barley grains 60.00 1,363,828 28 10.77 61 Totals 100.00 4,863,840 100 17.57 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 62 below.
TABLE 62 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 2 1 1 1 Test 2 2 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 32Blend #30: 45% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 55% barley grains (bulk density 49.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.95 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 58.13 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #30 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the barley grains of Blend #30 is provided in Table of FIG. 28. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the barley grains is μm.
Information about Blend #30 is provided in Table 63 below:
TABLE 63 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 45.00 3,937,513 76 7.65 44 Barley grains 55.00 1,250,175 24 9.87 56 Totals 100.00 5,187,689 100 17.53 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 64 below.
TABLE 64 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 33Blend #31: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 50% barley grains (bulk density 49.7 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.95 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 58.66 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #31 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the barley grains of Blend #31 is provided in Table of FIG. 28. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the barley grains is μm.
Information about Blend #31 is provided in Table 65 below:
TABLE 65 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 4,375.015 79 8.51 49 Barley grains 50.00 1,136,523 21 8.97 51 Totals 100.00 5,511,538 100 17.48 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 66 below.
TABLE 66 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 2 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 34Blend #32: 55% sodium bentonite (engineered light weight sodium bentonite, bulk density 49.66 lb/ft3, external surface area 21.00 ft2/lb), 45% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 41.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 22.06 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 45.40 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #32 is provided in Table of FIG. 29. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #32 is provided in Table of FIG. 16. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 942 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #32 is provided in Table 67 below:
TABLE 67 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 55.00 3,619,874 72 11.55 54 Calcium bentonite 45.00 1,410,439 28 9.93 46 Totals 100.00 5,030,313 100 21.48 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 68 below.
TABLE 68 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 2 1 1 1 Test 2 2 1 1 1 Test 3 2 1 1 1 Average 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 35A litter is prepared that is 100% sodium bentonite (bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, total external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite litter is provided in Table of FIG. 25. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm.
Information about this litter is provided in Table 69 below:
TABLE 69 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 100.00 8,750,030 100 17.01 100 Total 100.00 8,750,030 100 17.01 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to water. The results of these tests are shown in Table 70 below.
TABLE 70 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 36Blend #33: 45% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 55% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 52.03 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #33 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #33 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #33 is provided in Table 71 below:
TABLE 71 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 45.00 860,164 47 7.93 40 Calcium bentonite 55.00 969,778 53 11.77 60 Totals 100.00 1,829,941 100 19.71 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 72 below.
TABLE 72 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 3 2 1 3 Test 2 2 3 1 1 Test 3 3 1 3 2 Average 2.7 2.0 1.7 2.0
Example 37Blend #34: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 50% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 53.05 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #34 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #34 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #34 is provided in Table 73 below:
TABLE 73 PC Ext. Ext. Component % w/w PC/lb Dist. SA SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 955,737 52 8.81 45 Calcium bentonite 50.00 881,616 48 10.70 55 Totals 100.00 1,837,353 100 19.52 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 74 below.
TABLE 74 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 2 1 2 Test 2 1 2 1 1 Test 3 2 1 2 3 Average 1.3 1.7 1.3 2.0
Example 38Blend #35: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 45% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 54.13 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #35 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #35 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #35 is provided in Table 75 below:
TABLE 75 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 55.00 1,051,311 57 9.70 50 Calcium bentonite 45.00 793,455 43 9.63 50 Totals 100.00 1,844,766 100 19.33 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 76 below.
TABLE 76 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 3 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.7
Example 39Blend #36: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 40% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 54.21 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #36 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #36 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #36 is provided in Table 77 below:
TABLE 77 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 1,146,885 62 10.58 55 Calcium bentonite 40.00 705,293 38 8.56 45 Totals 100.00 1,852,178 100 19.14 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 78 below.
TABLE 78 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 40Blend #37: 45% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 55% calcium bentonite (BL-RVM, bulk density 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 52.30 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #37 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #37 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #37 is provided in Table 79 below:
TABLE 79 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 45.00 860,164 47 7.93 40 Calcium bentonite 55.00 969,778 53 11.77 60 Totals 100.00 1,829,941 100 19.71 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 80 below.
TABLE 80 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 3 2 1 3 Test 2 1 2 1 1 Test 3 2 2 1 1 Average 2.0 2.0 1.0 1.7
Example 41Blend #38: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 50% PTFE-coated calcium bentonite (BL-RVM coated with 40 lbs of 1.2% PTFE solution per ton of clay, bulk density prior to coating 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area prior to coating 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 53.13 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #38 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #38 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #38 is provided in Table 81 below:
TABLE 81 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 50.00 955,737 52 8.81 45 PTFE-coated 50.00 881,616 48 10.70 55 calcium bentonite Totals 100.00 1,837,353 100 19.52 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 82 below.
TABLE 82 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 2 1 2 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 2 3 2 3 Average 1.3 2.0 1.3 2.0
Example 42Blend #39: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 45% PTFE-coated calcium bentonite (BL-RVM coated with 40 lbs of 1.2% PTFE solution per ton of clay, bulk density prior to coating 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area prior to coating 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 54.27 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #39 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #39 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #39 is provided in Table 83 below:
TABLE 83 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 55.00 1,051,311 57 9.70 50 PTFE-coated 45.00 793,455 43 9.63 50 calcium bentonite Totals 100.00 1,844,766 100 19.33 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 84 below.
TABLE 84 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 1 1 Test 2 1 2 1 2 Test 3 1 3 1 1 Average 1.0 2.0 1.0 1.3
Example 43Blend #40: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 65.74 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.63 ft2/lb), 40% PTFE-coated calcium bentonite (BL-RVM coated with 40 lbs of 1.2% PTFE solution per ton of clay, bulk density prior to coating 42.1 lb/ft3, external surface area prior to coating 21.40 ft2/lb). The final density of the blend is 54.50 lb/ft3. Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #40 is provided in Table of FIG. 30. Information about the calcium bentonite of Blend #40 is provided in Table of FIG. 31. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 775 μm. The average particle size of the calcium bentonite is μm.
Information about Blend #40 is provided in Table 85 below:
TABLE 85 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 1,146,885 62 10.58 55 PTFE-coated 40.00 705,293 38 8.56 45 calcium bentonite Totals 100.00 1,852,178 100 19.14 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 86 below.
TABLE 86 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 2 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.0
Example 44Blend #41: 65% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 35% attapulgite (GA-RVM, bulk density 32.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 27.95 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #41 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the attapulgite of Blend #41 is provided in Table of FIG. 32. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the attapulgite is μm.
Information about Blend #41 is provided in Table 87 below:
TABLE 87 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 65.00 5,687,519 90 11.06 53 Attapulgite 35.00 643,102 10 9.78 47 Totals 100.00 6,330,621 100 20.84 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 88 below.
TABLE 88 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 2 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 45Blend #42: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 40% attapulgite (GA-RVM, bulk density 32.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 27.95 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #42 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the attapulgite of Blend #42 is provided in Table of FIG. 32. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the attapulgite is μm.
Information about Blend #42 is provided in Table 89 below:
TABLE 89 Ext. SA Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Dist. Sodium bentonite 60.00 5,250,018 88 10.21 48 Attapulgite 40.00 734,973 12 11.18 52 Totals 100.00 5,984,991 100 21.39 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 90 below.
TABLE 90 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 2 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.0
Example 46Blend #43: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 45% attapulgite (GA-RVM, bulk density 32.5 lb/ft3, external surface area 27.95 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #43 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the attapulgite of Blend #43 is provided in Table of FIG. 32. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the attapulgite is μm.
Information about Blend #43 is provided in Table 91 below:
TABLE 91 Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Ext. SA Dist. Sodium 55.00 4,812,516 85 9.36 43 bentonite Attapulgite 45.00 826,845 15 12.58 57 Totals 100.00 5,639,362 100 21.93 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 92 below.
TABLE 92 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Test 1 1 1 2 1 Test 2 3 1 1 1 Test 3 1 1 1 1 Average 1.7 1.0 1.3 1.0
Example 47Blend #44: 60% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 40% Taft clay (TF-RVM, bulk density 40.0 lb/ft3, external surface area 24.22 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #44 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the attapulgite of Blend #44 is provided in Table of FIG. 33. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the Taft clay is μm.
Information about Blend #44 is provided in Table 93 below:
TABLE 93 Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Ext. SA Dist. Sodium 60.00 5,250,018 65 10.21 51 bentonite Taft clay 40.00 2,860,640 35 9.69 49 Totals 100.00 8,110,658 100 19.89 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 94 below.
TABLE 94 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Example 48Blend #45: 55% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 45% Taft clay (TF-RVM, bulk density 40.0 lb/ft3, external surface area 24.22 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #45 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the attapulgite of Blend #45 is provided in Table of FIG. 33. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the Taft clay is μm.
Information about Blend #45 is provided in Table 95 below:
TABLE 95 Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Ext. SA Dist. Sodium 50.00 4,375,015 55 8.51 41 bentonite Taft clay 50.00 3,575,800 45 12.11 59 Totals 100.00 7,950,815 100 20.61 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 96 below.
TABLE 96 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 2 1 Test 2 2 1 Test 3 2 1 Average 2.0 1.0
Example 49Blend #46: 50% sodium bentonite (Wyo-Ben sodium bentonite, bulk density 63.3 lb/ft3, external surface area 17.01 ft2/lb), 50% Taft clay (TF-RVM, bulk density 40.0 lb/ft3, external surface area 24.22 ft2/lb). Information about the sodium bentonite of Blend #46 is provided in Table of FIG. 25. Information about the attapulgite of Blend #46 is provided in Table of FIG. 33. The average particle size of the sodium bentonite is 927 μm. The average particle size of the Taft clay is μm.
Information about Blend #46 is provided in Table 97 below:
TABLE 97 Component % w/w PC/lb PC Dist. Ext. SA Ext. SA Dist. Sodium 55.00 4,812,516 60 9.36 46 bentonite Taft clay 45.00 3,218,220 40 10.90 54 Totals 100.00 8,030,737 100 20.25 100
Clump strength is tested for samples after using the Standard Drop Method Test described above. Tests are conducted 30 seconds and 1 hour after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine. The results of these tests are shown in Table 98 below.
TABLE 98 Clump Strength 30 sec. 1 hr. Test 1 1 1 Test 2 1 1 Test 3 1 1 Average 1.0 1.0
Results and Conclusions from Examples 3-49Based on the results of Examples 3-25, 34 and 36-43, sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite clay blends with 47% or more of the total external surface area coming from sodium bentonite particles tested 1.0 (clumps intact) for clump strength at 30 seconds except for Blend #1 of Example 3 which tested 1.3 based on an average of 3 clumps. All of the blends with 47% or more of the total external surface area coming from sodium bentonite tested 1.0 for 1-hour clumps. The sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blends have clumpability similar to the clumpability of the sodium bentonite alone (see Example 35 above).
Therefore, Examples 3-25 and 34-43 show that it is possible to form sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blends having clumpability similar to the sodium bentonite wherein 50% or less, or even as little as 47%, of the total external surface area of all the particles in the blend are from sodium bentonite particles.
All remaining blends with 33% to 46% of the total external surface area coming from sodium bentonite tested between 1.7 and 3.0 (slight to moderate breakage) for 30-second clumps. and 1.0 to 2.3 (clump intact to slight breakage) for 1-hour clumps.
A direct relationship is found between clumping and percentage total external surface area of swelling clay in a swelling/non-swelling clay blend. A minimum of 47% of the total external surface area of all particles in a swelling/non-swelling clay blend needs to originate from the swelling clay in order for the product to form strong clumps at 30 seconds upon wetting. As the percentage total external surface area of swelling clay in a swelling/non-swelling clay blend increases, the clump strength also increases. The longer the clumps are allowed to sit prior to testing, the stronger they get.
Examples 36-43 show that sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blends in which the calcium bentonite are coated with PTFE (Examples 41-43) have similar clumpability properties to sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blends in which the calcium bentonite is uncoated (Examples 36-40).
Examples 26-33 show that sodium bentonite/paper granule blends (Examples 26-29), a sodium bentonite/wood fiber particle blend (Example 30) and sodium bentonite/barley grain blends (Examples 31-33) with 47% or more of the total external surface area coming from sodium bentonite particles have clumpability similar to the clumpability of the sodium bentonite alone (see Example 35 above).
Examples 44-46 show that sodium bentonite/attapulgite blends with 47% or more of the total external surface area coming from sodium bentonite particles have clumpability similar to the clumpability of the sodium bentonite alone (see Example 35 above).
Examples 47-49 show that sodium bentonite/Taft clay blends with 47% or more of the total external surface area coming from sodium bentonite particles have clumpability similar to the clumpability of the sodium bentonite alone (see Example 35 above).
Example 50Ten litter mixtures are prepared having the following compositions:
In all of the above litters, the ratio of sodium bentonite to calcium bentonite in the sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blend is 65% sodium bentonite to 35% calcium bentonite. In all of the above litters, the sodium bentonite is coated with a fragrance slurry coating having the composition shown in Table 2 of Example 1. In all of the above litters, the calcium bentonite is coated with a PTFE slurry coating having the composition shown in Table 3 of Example 1. The granulation size (fine, medium and coarse) for the clumping additives is defined by the suppliers of the clumping additive. Because the suppliers for the different clumping additives are different, the particle size specifications vary.
Table 99 below shows the results of a clump strength test with synthetic urine using the Standard Drop Method Test described above using the average of 3 drops for each clump strength value. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine.
TABLE 99 Clump Strength using Standard Drop Method Test Litter 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Average 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 7 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 8 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 9 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Table 100 below shows the results a clump strength test with synthetic urine using the Extreme Drop Method described above using the average of 3 drops for each clump strength value. Tests are conducted 30 seconds, 1 hour, 24 hours and 72 hours after exposure of the test litter to synthetic urine.
TABLE 100 Clump Strength using Extreme Drop Method Test Litter 30 sec. 1 hr. 24 hrs. 72 hrs. Average 1 3.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 2.0 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 6 3.0 2.0 1.0 1.0 1.8 7 1.3 1.3 1.0 1.0 1.2 8 1.7 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.3 9 3.0 2.3 1.7 1.0 2.0 10 2.3 2.3 1.3 1.0 1.7
Example 51Three litters are tested for odor control properties using the Magic Cat Box method described above. Litter A is an untreated sodium bentonite litter. Litter B is an untreated calcium bentonite litter. Litter C is an untreated 65/35 mixture of sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite (65% sodium bentonite, 35% calcium bentonite). The results of these tests are shown in Tables 101, 102 and 103 below and in plot of FIG. 34.
TABLE 101 Odor Control Litter A Day Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average 0 0 0 0 0 1 10 10 5 8 2 10 10 5 8 3 10 10 5 8 7 50 30 65 48 8 60 40 80 60 10 90 70 130 97 11 130 140 160 143
TABLE 102 Odor Control Litter B Day Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 35 50 25 37 8 180 160 80 140 10 270 220 130 207
TABLE 103 Odor Control Litter C Day Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Average 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 25 25 25 25 8 25 25 25 25 10 60 60 50 57 11 90 90 70 83 14 220 210 210 213
In plot , the squares are for Litter A (sodium bentonite, NaB), the circles are for Litter B (10/24 BL RVM clay, BL) and the triangles are for Litter C (65/35 blend, 65/35).
Example 52Three litters are prepared and poured into boxes using the apparatus of FIG. 3. Each litter is 65% sodium bentonite and 35% calcium bentonite. Ten samples are taken from each litter and the density of each sample is determined using the Loose-Fill (O'Haus) Method described above.
Samples are taken from the top (sample 1) to the bottom (sample 2) of each box. Results of these density measurements are provided in Table 104 below.
TABLE 104 Density Measurements Density, lbs/ft3 Sample # Box #1 Box #2 Box #3 &#;1 (top) 55.6 56.5 56.4 &#;2 56.2 56.3 55.9 &#;3 56.3 57.3 57.3 &#;4 56.9 57.5 56.4 &#;5 56.9 57.2 56.7 &#;6 57.1 58.3 58.2 &#;7 57.2 58.3 57.8 &#;8 57.1 58.5 57.8 &#;9 55.9 57.7 57.0 10 (bottom) 55.0 55.5 55.0 Standard deviation 0.74 0.97 0.96 Average 56.41 57.31 56.84
Example 53A litter composition comprising a sodium bentonite/calcium bentonite blend is formed using the apparatus of FIG. 1. The fragrance slurry of Example 1 is coated on the sodium bentonite and a PTFE slurry is coated on the calcium bentonite.
The PTFE slurry consists of 98.0% water and 2.0% of a 60% PTFE suspension in water. The PTFE slurry is applied to the calcium bentonite at rate of 40.0 lbs/ton of PTFE slurry/calcium bentonite to attain 14.0 lbs/ton of PTFE slurry/calcium bentonite in finished product.
While the present invention has been disclosed with references to certain embodiments, numerous modifications, alterations and changes to the described embodiments are possible without departing from the sphere and scope of the present invention, as defined in the appended claims. Accordingly, it is intended that the present invention not be limited to the described embodiments, but that it has the full scope defined by the language of the following claims, and equivalents thereof.
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