Advantages and Special Characteristics of Lithium Thionyl ...

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries (Li/SOCl&#;) belong to the lithium primary cell family. Unlike lithium ion or lithium polymer batteries, these cells cannot be recharged once they have been discharged. However, due to their long lifetime, this characteristic is of little importance in everyday use. In fact, lithium thionyl chloride batteries supply power to applications for several months or even years before they need to be replaced.

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Li/SOCl&#; batteries have been an integral part of Jauch&#;s battery portfolio for many years. This year, the portfolio expanded to include batteries from Jauch&#;s own brand. The most important properties of this cell chemistry are briefly presented below.

High Voltage &#; High Safety

Lithium primary cells, which also include lithium iron sulfide or lithium manganese dioxide batteries, usually have a cell voltage between 1.5 volts and 3 volts. However, the cell voltage of a lithium thionyl chloride battery is significantly higher than these values: with a voltage of 3.6 volts. At this value, the battery performs to the level of lithium ion batteries. This voltage level is kept constant by the battery over almost the entire discharge period &#; an absolute unique selling point of lithium thionyl chloride cell chemistry.

In terms of energy density, Li/SOCl&#; batteries are also superior to all other primary cells. Values up to 710 watt hours/kilogram are possible.

Constant voltage: Li/SOCl&#; batteries deliver a constant voltage of 3.6 volts until almost complete discharge.

Low Currents &#; Wide Temperature Range

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are used wherever low currents are required over a long period of time. Typical applications are for example locking cylinders, timers, toll systems or all kinds of metering applications. The high energy density of the thionyl chloride cells ensures that these applications can be operated for several months or even years without having to replace the battery.

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are designed for use in a temperature range between -60 and +85 degrees Celsius. Particularly noteworthy is the performance of the cells at low temperatures. Even at double-digit minus temperatures, the cells deliver a constantly high voltage.

Temperature: Li/SOCl&#; batteries from Jauch reliably deliver high voltages even at double-digit sub-zero temperatures.

Passivation of the Battery

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are very durable and have a very good shelf life. The self-discharge rate of only 1% per year speaks for itself.

The longevity of lithium thionyl chloride batteries is due to the chemistry of the cell. Unlike other lithium primary cells, the lithium thionyl chloride cell undergoes a chemical reaction between the lithium anode and the electrolyte. As a result, a protective film forms over the lithium anode, which impedes the ion flow between the anode and cathode. This is referred to as &#;passivation&#; of the battery cell. 

This phenomenon has advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, passivation is responsible for the low self-discharge rate of the battery. On the other hand, the resulting protective film initially impedes the current flow when the battery is put into operation. The protective film gradually fades away as the battery continues to operate. However, it forms again as soon as the battery stops drawing current. For this reason, lithium thionyl chloride batteries are particularly suitable for applications with low power consumption. The power requirement of the application can be constant or pulse-shaped. 

The Bobbin-Type Cell Construction

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are available in numerous sizes and designs. No matter what variation your application requires, the core properties: high voltage, high energy density and long life, stay the same.

The &#;Bobbin-type&#; construction has established itself as the most frequently used cell construction method. This design, which is also used in the cells of Jauch&#;s thionyl chloride batteries, is characterized by a high level of safety and a long service life. These batteries deliver currents of up to two Amperes. 

Jauch&#;s portfolio of Lithium thionyl chloride batteries.

Jauch&#;s battery portfolio includes various Li/SOCl&#; batteries. An overview of the entire Jauch portfolio of lithium thionyl chloride batteries can be found here.

Our battery experts will be happy to advise you on which of these cells is best suited for your application. Equipped with the expertise from countless successfully completed projects, our experts will also find the perfect solution for your requirement profile and will advise you on request directly at your site.

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Lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2 ) batteries are vital in many modern applications. They are known for their high energy density, long shelf life, and ability to operate in extreme temperatures. This guide will delve into the intricacies of Li-SOCl2  batteries, their advantages, applications, and why they stand out in the battery industry.

Part 1. What are lithium thionyl chloride batteries?

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are a type of primary battery, meaning they are non-rechargeable. They comprise a lithium anode and a liquid thionyl chloride electrolyte, which also serves as the cathode. This unique chemistry provides several benefits, including high energy density and a long operational life. Notable manufacturers like Tadiran Batteries produce high-quality Li-SOCl2 batteries. At the same time, Ufine Battery offers rechargeable lithium-ion batteries that are more environmentally friendly and can provide tailored energy solutions.

What are the main features of lithium thionyl chloride batteries?

Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are renowned for several key features:

• High energy density: These batteries can store much energy relative to their size.
• Long shelf life: With a low self-discharge rate, they can retain their charge for many years.
• Wide operating temperature range: They function efficiently from -55°C to +125°C.
• Voltage stability: They maintain a consistent voltage throughout their discharge cycle.

What are the typical applications of lithium thionyl chloride batteries?

Li-SOCl2 batteries are used in a variety of applications, including:

• Remote wireless devices: Ideal for devices requiring long-term, reliable power.
• Medical devices: These are used in pacemakers and other critical medical equipment.
• Military equipment: Suitable for high-reliability and extreme condition applications.
• Industrial applications: Used in sensors, meters, and monitoring systems.

Part 2. How do lithium thionyl chloride batteries work?

Li-SOCl2 batteries operate through a chemical reaction between the lithium anode and the thionyl chloride electrolyte. Here&#;s a detailed breakdown of the process:

• Initial State: The battery consists of a lithium anode and a thionyl chloride electrolyte, which also acts as the cathode.
• Discharge Process: When the battery is connected to a load, lithium atoms at the anode oxidize, releasing electrons. These electrons travel through the external circuit, providing electrical power to the connected device.
• Electrolyte Reaction: The thionyl chloride electrolyte undergoes a reduction reaction at the cathode, producing sulfur dioxide (SO&#;) and lithium chloride (LiCl).
• Passivation Layer Formation: A passivation layer of lithium chloride forms on the anode, which helps to control the reaction rate and significantly reduces the battery&#;s self-discharge rate.
• Voltage Stability: The battery maintains a stable voltage output due to the controlled reaction rates and the properties of the passivation layer.

This combination of reactions allows Li-SOCl2 batteries to deliver consistent power over long periods, making them ideal for applications requiring long-lasting and reliable energy sources.

Part 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of lithium thionyl chloride batteries?

Advantages

• High voltage: A nominal voltage of 3.6V, higher than many other lithium batteries.
• Longevity: It can last up to 40 years in specific applications.
• Durability: Suitable for use in extreme environmental conditions.
• Safety: Non-flammable electrolytes and robust construction reduce risk.

Disadvantages

• Non-rechargeable: These batteries cannot be recharged once depleted, which can be less environmentally friendly.
• Cost: Higher initial cost compared to some other battery types.
• Safety concerns: Requires careful handling due to thionyl chloride&#;s toxic and corrosive nature.
• Limited availability: They are less widely available than some other battery types, which can limit their use in consumer applications.

Part 4. How do lithium thionyl chloride batteries compare to other battery types?

To understand the unique position of lithium thionyl chloride (Li-SOCl2) batteries in the market, you must compare them with other common battery types. Let&#;s examine how Li-SOCl2  batteries compare to alkaline, lithium-ion, lead-acid, and nickel-cadmium batteries.

Li-SOCl2 vs. Alkaline Batteries

Energy Density:

• Li-SOCl2: Much higher energy density ( Wh/L)
• Alkaline: Lower energy density (320 Wh/L)

Shelf Life:

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• Li-SOCl2: Up to 20 years or more
• Alkaline: Typically 5-10 years

Temperature Range:

• Li-SOCl2 : -55°C to +125°C
• Alkaline: -20°C to +54°C

Voltage Stability:

• Li-SOCl2: Maintains stable voltage throughout the discharge
• Alkaline: Voltage decreases gradually during discharge

Li-SOCl2 vs. Lithium-Ion Batteries

Rechargeability:

• Li-SOCl2 : Non-rechargeable
• Lithium-Ion: Rechargeable (500- cycles)

Energy Density:

• Li-SOCl2 : Higher ( Wh/L)
• Lithium-Ion: Lower, but still high (250-693 Wh/L)

Self-Discharge Rate:

• Li-SOCl2: Deficient (less than 1% per year)
• Lithium-Ion: Higher (2-3% per month)

Applications:

• Li-SOCl2: Long-term, low-power applications
• Lithium-Ion: High-power, frequent-use applications

Li-SOCl2 vs. Lead-Acid Batteries

Weight:

• Li-SOCl2: Much lighter
• Lead-Acid: Heavier

Energy Density:

• Li-SOCl2: Much higher ( Wh/L)
• Lead-Acid: Lower (80-90 Wh/L)

Temperature Performance:

• Li-SOCl2: Excellent in extreme temperatures
• Lead-Acid: Poor performance in cold temperatures

Maintenance:

• Li-SOCl2 : Maintenance-free
• Lead-Acid: Requires regular maintenance

Li-SOCl2 vs. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries

Memory Effect:

• Li-SOCl2: No memory effect
• NiCd: Suffers from memory effect

Environmental Impact:

• Li-SOCl2: Less toxic but requires particular disposal
• NiCd: Contains toxic cadmium, heavily regulated

Voltage:

• Li-SOCl2: Higher nominal voltage (3.6V)
• NiCd: Lower nominal voltage (1.2V)

Self-Discharge Rate:

• Li-SOCl2: Extremely low
• NiCd: Higher (15-20% per month)

Part 5. What are the safety considerations for lithium thionyl chloride batteries?

Safety considerations for Li-SOCl2  batteries include:

Handling and Storage

• Proper Handling: Avoid direct contact with the electrolyte, which is toxic and corrosive. Use protective gear when handling.
• Storage Conditions: To prevent degradation, store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

Usage

• To avoid Short-Circuiting, Ensure that the battery terminals do not come into contact with conductive materials that could cause a short circuit.
• Temperature Monitoring: While they can operate in extreme temperatures, avoid exposing the batteries to temperatures beyond their specified range to prevent leakage or rupture.

Disposal

• Follow Regulations: Dispose of used batteries according to local regulations to prevent environmental contamination and health hazards.
• Recycling Programs: Participate in battery recycling programs to ensure safe and environmentally friendly disposal.

Part 6. How to choose the correct lithium thionyl chloride battery for your application?

When selecting a Li-SOCl2 battery, consider:

1. Application requirements: Match the battery&#;s specifications to your device&#;s needs.
2. Temperature range: Ensure the battery can operate within the required temperature range.
3. Longevity: Choose a battery with a shelf life that meets your application&#;s duration.
4. Manufacturer reputation: Opt for reputable manufacturers like Tadiran for quality assurance.

Part 7. FAQs

• What is the difference between lithium-ion and lithium-thionyl chloride batteries?
  

  Lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable and commonly used in consumer electronics, while lithium-thionyl chloride batteries are non-rechargeable. They have higher energy density and longer shelf life and are suitable for industrial and medical applications.

• Can lithium thionyl chloride batteries be recharged?
  

  Lithium thionyl chloride batteries are primary and cannot be recharged. Attempting to recharge them can lead to safety hazards, including potential fire risks.

• What is the operating temperature range of lithium thionyl chloride batteries?
  

  Lithium thionyl chloride batteries typically operate between -55°C and +125°C, making them suitable for various environmental conditions.

• How long do lithium thionyl chloride batteries last?
  

  With a low self-discharge rate, these batteries can last 10 to 20 years, and some models, like those from Tadiran, can last up to 40 years.

• Are lithium thionyl chloride batteries safe?
  

  Yes, they are safe when handled and disposed of properly. You should follow proper safety protocols because they contain toxic and corrosive materials.

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Henry

Battery Industry Content Writer

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