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Top 5 Reasons to Choose Marble for Your Pool Deck

1. A marble pool deck is luxurious.

Marble pavers come with a higher pricetag, but their elegance and beauty are unmatched compared to other materials used for pool decks. Installing marble can significantly elevate the appearance of your pool area and even boost the overall value of your property.

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2. Marble pavers make your pool safer.

Marble pavers resist bacteria, preventing harmful elements from thriving in the pool area. Tumbled marble pavers provide a strong grip to prevent slipping and falling incidents.

3. They are long-lasting.

Throughout history, artists have favored marble for its beauty and durability. Marble pavers are no different. In the US, the marble-clad federal courthouse built in 1935 stands as a testament to the beauty and longevity of marble. When you use marble pavers, you won’t need to worry about replacing them for many years, making it a wise investment.

4. They are easy to clean.

Marble pavers require minimal maintenance. They are stain-resistant and easy to clean; just soapy water and a mop are typically all you need to keep them looking pristine.

5. They are easily available.

The task of sourcing materials for marble pool decks has become much simpler. These days, you can order them online from various suppliers. To get the best marble, find a reputable supplier by checking the top three results on your search page. Evaluate how long they’ve been in business and their marble sources to determine their reliability.

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Marble: Characteristics, Uses And Problems

CSI Division

Division 4- Masonry

Section

Marble

Last Modified

Technical Procedures Disclaimer

Prior to inclusion in GSA’s library of procedures, documents are reviewed by one or more qualified preservation specialists for general consistency with the Secretary of Interior Standards for rehabilitating historic buildings as understood at the time the procedure is added to the library. All specifications require project-specific editing and professional judgement regarding the applicability of a procedure to a particular building, project, or location. References to products and suppliers are to serve as general guidelines and do not constitute a federal endorsement or determination that a product or method is the best or most current alternative, remains available, or is compliant with current environmental regulations and safety standards. The library of procedures is intended to serve as a resource, not a substitute, for specification development by a qualified preservation professional.

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We’ve reviewed these procedures for general consistency with federal standards for rehabilitating historic buildings and provide them only as a reference. Specifications should only be applied under the guidance of a qualified preservation professional who can assess the applicability of a procedure to a particular building, project, or location. References to products and suppliers serve as general guidelines and do not constitute a federal endorsement nor a determination that a product or method is the best alternative or compliant with current environmental regulations and safety standards.

This standard includes general information on the characteristics and common uses of marble and identifies typical problems associated with the material. See 04400-01-S for guidance on inspecting stone masonry failures.

Introduction

Marble is an extremely hard, metamorphic stone composed of calcite (CaCO3). It forms through the recrystallization of limestone under intense pressure and heat during geologic processes, resulting in a stone with a tight crystalline structure and small but definite porosity. Its structure allows marble to achieve a high polish, making it a sought-after decorative stone for architectural and sculptural uses. Polished marble’s limited porosity makes it less vulnerable to water leaching effects. However, marble composed of calcium carbonate is highly susceptible to acid attacks. Different acids, such as chlorides, nitrates, and sulfates, react variably with marble, producing by-products that affect its durability. Thus, identifying the pollutants causing marble deterioration is crucial.

Marble can primarily be of two types: calcite-based or dolomite-based. Dolomitic marble is more resistant to acid attacks than calcite marble. Its color can range from brilliant white to black, including shades of blue-gray, red, yellow, and green, depending on the minerals present.

Typical uses

Marble serves both decorative and structural purposes. In addition to outdoor sculptures and sculpture bases, it is used in architecture for exterior walls, veneers, flooring, decorative features, stairways, and walkways. The method of use can affect the severity of exposure, and while it may influence the feasibility of applying certain treatments, the type of use is not the primary factor in determining marble’s susceptibility to major types of deterioration and damage.

Problems and Deterioration

Natural forces and weather agents can degrade marble’s appearance and structural integrity. These agents include rain, snow, temperature fluctuations, wind, and atmospheric pollutants. Weathering agents rarely act alone; they typically work in combination with other agents of deterioration.

Rainwater, combined with atmospheric gases, can dissolve the marble, increasing salt movement within its microstructure. Temperature affects deterioration rates, stone movement, and salt migration, with high temperatures accelerating chemical changes and low temperatures posing freeze-thaw risks. Rapid temperature changes can also stress the material due to differential expansion. While most natural marble problems require moisture to occur, others, such as wind erosion and vandalism, can happen independently.

Natural or Inherent Marble Problems

Weathering:

Outdoor exposure causes marble to deteriorate due to weathering effects such as wind, rain, and temperature changes. Marble’s limited porosity means it doesn’t absorb much water, but it still absorbs enough for acids or mildly acidic rain to cause substantial deterioration. The elliptical shape of marble pores allows greater dissolution than typical round pores, compounding with marble’s solubility in acids to create two significant issues:

1. Loss of polish
2. Loss of detailing

Weathering symptoms include losing the polished surface and edge details in decorative carved areas. Restoring edge detailing is often infeasible without re-carving the stone. However, maintaining and partially restoring the marble’s gloss can be achieved using marble polishing powder and soft buffing pads. Preventative polishing maintenance can help retain a highly polished state with minimal effort, avoiding deterioration from prolonged exposure without maintenance.

Erosion:

Erosion can result from general weathering or localized phenomena such as handling or exposure. Windblown abrasives like dirt and grit may selectively wear away detailing, depending largely on prevailing wind direction. Landscaping efforts can deflect wind, reducing erosion, though the effectiveness varies by the intervention scale. Plantings and landscape grading can range from simple, cost-effective measures to major expenses. This approach may be cost-effective for extending building life.

Erosion symptoms include losing polish and edge sharpness, or localized wear from maintenance equipment contact. Preventative steps should be taken to avoid recurrent physical damage.

Staining:

Staining discolors marble, whether general or localized exposure to various substances or internal stone elements. Common staining types include:

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1. Oil/grease stains: Often caused by vandalism or handling, these stains result from oils absorbed into the stone. The extent of penetration depends on the oil’s viscosity, temperature, stone porosity, finish, and dryness. Grease/oil stains usually present as a darkened area with diffused edges after prolonged exposure. Maintenance personnel can often remove these stains using standard techniques.

   For specific guidance on removing oil/grease stains from marble, see 04455-10-R and 04455-11-R.

2. Dyes and inks: Stains from dyes can be any color, depending on the source. They are often localized around the contact area, with the coloring pigment deposited within the stone through liquid absorption and evaporation.

   For specific guidance on removing ink and dye stains from marble, see 04455-18-R.

3. Organic stains: These stains arise from contact with decomposing organic matter, such as leaves, bird droppings, flowers, tea, or coffee. Organic stains typically have a reddish-brown color and may vanish once the source is removed. They can be left to weather and bleach out or removed using specific treatments.

   For specific guidance on removing organic stains from marble, see 04455-14-R.

4. Metallic stains: These include rust and copper stains from structural elements or water runoff from adjacent metallic sources, particularly bronze.

   1. Rust stains: Red-orange in color, rust stains occur from iron oxidation, often due to hidden structural components exposed to water penetration. Surface deposits of rust can sometimes be removed by rubbing with a clean cloth.
   2. For specific guidance on removing rust stains from marble, see 04400-06-R.

   2. Copper stains: Ranging from light green to dark brown, copper stains originate from the dissolution of copper salts in water runoff. Staining is usually localized and follows the runoff path.

      For specific guidance on removing copper stains from marble, see 04400-07-R.

5. General dirt, soot, and pollution: Marble can be stained by atmospheric dirt, grime, and airborne particulates, which dull the original color and gloss. Dirt accumulation is intensified in protected areas where rainwater can’t rinse the surface.

   Dirt typically consists of finely divided solids held by organic material, soot, siliceous dust, and other airborne particles. It may include metals, glass, ceramics, metal oxides, and minerals.

   Dirt is usually absorbed and adhered to the surface through static attraction. It can form crusts during stone deterioration. Biological agents may also collect on dirty surfaces, where cleaning water can stimulate algal growth. Algae, lichens, and moss can damage stone through acid by-products. Some waterproof coatings may increase static attraction and hasten dirt accumulation.

   For specific guidance on removing dirt/pollution from marble, see 04400-01-P, 04400-02-P, and 04400-03-P.

Crumbling:

This condition results from brittleness or gradual stone disintegration, possibly due to salt migration, binder breakdown, or external factors. Crumbling can arise from de-icing salts or other salt sources, such as rising damp. Early detection and source elimination are critical to preventing further damage. Once crumbling occurs, its correction requires expert intervention. Consult the Regional Historic Preservation Officer (RHPO) for assistance.

Chipping:

Chipping involves the loss of small pieces or larger fragments, often at corners, edges, or mortar joints. It may result from deterioration, repointing with hard mortar, accidents, or vandalism. Repair techniques include detachment repairs, patching, and splicing by a skilled mason. Preventative steps should be taken to avoid future damage from maintenance activities.

For specific guidance on repairing chips in marble, see 04455-03-R.

Cracking:

Cracking manifests as narrow fissures, often caused by structural overloading, hard mortar use, or material flaws. While minor cracking may not be problematic, it can signal structural issues and allow water entry, promoting salt migration. Repairs include patching and replacement.

For specific guidance on repairing cracks in marble, see 04455-03-R.

Detachment:

Detached marble pieces result from failed construction systems, such as connectors or joints. The marble remains intact and can be re-installed. Detachments often arise from anchor or connector rust and corrosion due to water penetration. Adequate pointing and caulking can prevent these issues.

For specific guidance on re-securing detached marble, see 04455-21-R.

Efflorescence:

Efflorescence appears as a whitish deposit due to soluble salts on or beneath the marble surface. Sources include mortar, cleaning agents, rising damp, de-icing salts, landscaping treatments, and air pollution. Whitish deposits are less noticeable on white marble but reduce gloss on polished surfaces. Efflorescence often indicates moisture or salt issues. Corrective action requires identifying and eliminating salt or moisture sources.

For specific guidance on removing efflorescence from marble, see 04455-25-R.

Flaking:

Flaking is an early stage of peeling, exfoliation, delamination, or spalling. It occurs due to capillary moisture or freeze-thaw cycles and sub-florescence. Examination is essential to identify salt crystallization as a cause.

Peeling:

Peeling involves flaking the surface in layers or strips, possibly due to improper coatings, stone defects, or weathering. Chemical reactions with environmental elements can cause encrustation to peel along bedding planes.

Rising Damp:

Rising damp, or capillary suction of ground water, affects marble by drawing moisture up the stone. Symptoms include darkening at the base and staining or efflorescence several feet above ground level. Correction requires eliminating water sources or interrupting moisture paths through damp-proofing.

Spalling:

Spalling involves pieces breaking away from the stone due to sub-florescence, freeze-thaw, hard mortar repointing, or structural overloading. Marble, being denser, is less prone to spalling than sedimentary stones. However, corrective measures are sometimes necessary.

For specific guidance on repairing spalling marble, see 04400-03-R and 04455-03-R.

Sub-Florescence:

Sub-florescence involves soluble salt accumulation beneath the masonry surface as moisture evaporates. This can create significant pressure, causing pieces to break along deposition planes. Efflorescence may signal sub-florescence. Techniques to mitigate sub-florescence include poulticing, salt source removal, moisture elimination, and damp-proofing.

Sugaring:

Sugaring involves the gradual surface disintegration of marble, often due to salt migration and moisture exposure. Excess moisture can dissolve the binder, giving the surface a granular, crystalline, or powdery appearance.

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